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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российская педиатрическая офтальмология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-1859</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-432X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">430323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rpoj430323</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rhino-orbital mucormycosis following liver transplantation in a child with COVID-19 (a review of the literature and clinical observation)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Риноорбитальный мукормикоз у ребёнка после трансплантации печени на фоне COVID-19 (обзор литературы и клиническое наблюдение)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7428-9327</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakirova</surname><given-names>Guzel Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закирова</surname><given-names>Гузель Закировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>guzel-@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-1399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gajnutdinova</surname><given-names>Raushaniya F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайнутдинова</surname><given-names>Раушания Фоатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>rg_dinova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Сhildren’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская республиканская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan state medical university</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>172</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-10-22"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/430323">https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/430323</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The incidence of mucormycosis, an opportunistic infection, has been increasing worldwide in recent years. This is primarily due to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 and the increase in the number of at-risk populations. Risk groups include patients with conditions or diseases, such as diabetes, neutropenia, organ or stem cell transplantation (on immunosuppressive therapy), trauma and burns, hematological disorders, and steroid therapy. The basis of successful treatment includes early diagnosis based on the detection of the first nonspecific signs of the disease in patients at risk, rapid verification of pathogens, earliest possible start of etiotropic therapy, and prompt and aggressive surgical treatment (necrectomy). This study presents a clinical case of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a child at risk. The patient had Alagille syndrome and was followed up from the age of 2 years. The syndrome is characterized by an insufficient number or the small diameter of the intrahepatic bile ducts that remove bile from the liver and lead to the development of liver cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is the only radical treatment method for liver cirrhosis in the absence of gross defects. By the age of 8 years, the syndrome led to liver cirrhosis, and in 2020, hepatectomy was performed, including orthotopic transplantation of a liver fragment from a related donor (aunt). The patient subsequently received immunosuppressive therapy. The article also described the changes in the clinic and imaging methods and stages of treatment by day. Clinical manifestations of mucormycosis appeared on day 6 of hospitalization, that is, edema of the left lower eyelid. The severe general condition of the child did not allow for early surgical treatment with the excision of necrotic tissues. Unfortunately, the patient died. Thus, possible errors in diagnosis and treatment were analyzed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Мукормикоз является оппортунистической инфекцией, рост которой в последние годы отмечается во всём мире. Это связано в первую очередь с пандемией новой мутировавшей инфекции COVID-19 и увеличением количества пациентов из групп риска. К факторам риска относятся диабет, нейтропения, трансплантация органов или стволовых клеток (на иммуносупрессивной терапии), травмы и ожоги, гематологические нарушения, употребление стероидов и другие. Основой успешного лечения является ранняя диагностика, основанная на выявлении первых неспецифических признаков заболевания у пациентов из групп риска, быстрая верификация возбудителей, как можно раннее начало этиотропной терапии и агрессивное хирургическое лечение (некрэктомия), проведённое в кратчайшие сроки. В статье описан клинический случай рино-орбитального мукормикоза у ребёнка из группы риска. Пациент с двух лет наблюдался с диагнозом синдром Алажиля. Синдром характеризуется недостаточным количеством или малым диаметром внутрипечёночных желчных протоков, которые выводят желчь из печени и приводит к формированию цирроза печение. Единственным радикальным методом лечения при формировании цирроза печени и отсутствии грубых пороков является трансплантация печени. К возрасту 8 лет синдром привёл к циррозу печени, в связи с чем в 2020 году выполнена гепатэктомия, ортотопическая трансплантация фрагмента печени от родственного донора (тёти). В дальнейшем пациент получал иммуносупрессивную терапию.</p> <p>В статье в динамике описаны изменения в клинике заболевания, результаты визуализирующих методов исследования, этапы лечения. Клинические проявления мукормикоза появились на 6-й день госпитализации в виде отёка нижнего века слева. Тяжёлое общее состояние ребёнка не позволило провести раннее хирургическое лечение с иссечением некротизированных тканей. К сожалению, данный клинический случай закончился смертью пациента. Проанализированы возможные ошибки в диагностике и лечении.</p> <p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rhino-orbital mucormycosis</kwd><kwd>eye orbit</kwd><kwd>liver transplantation</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>риноорбитальный мукормикоз</kwd><kwd>орбита глаза</kwd><kwd>трансплантация печени</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corneli OA, Alastruy-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, et al. Global guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation for Medical Mycology in collaboration with the Mycoses Study Group. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(12):e405–e421. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corneli O.A., Alastruy-Izquierdo A., Arenz D., et al. 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