<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российская педиатрическая офтальмология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-1859</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-432X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">567972</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/rpoj567972</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Scleritis in children: Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic, and treatment algorithm</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Склериты у детей: этиология, патогенез, клинические особенности, алгоритм диагностики и лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-9553</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">682934</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1406-5609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>Ludmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>Людмила Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н.</p></bio><email>ulcer.64@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8014-667X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2308-0920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baisangurova</surname><given-names>Albina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байсангурова</surname><given-names>Альбина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ophthalmologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог</p></bio><email>alia-bai-5@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1333-2420</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4815-6968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Tatjana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ophthalmologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог</p></bio><email>tatakuzn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8852-3305</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8965-1586</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Алина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ophthalmologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-офтальмолог</p></bio><email>alisha_klin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-03"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-10-22"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/567972">https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/567972</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>AIM</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>To analyze the etiology and pathogenesis and identify clinical and diagnostic features, development of a diagnostic algorithm, and personalized treatment of scleritis in children.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS</italic></bold><italic>: </italic>Twelve children with mono- and bilateral scleritis with disease duration of 3–9 months were observed. Biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and ultrasonography of the eyes were performed. The examination plan included consultations with a rheumatologist, otorhinolaryngologist, and dentist and laboratory blood analysis in the enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to herpes viruses and markers of their reactivation.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> Chronic scleritis in 58.4% of the patients was associated with immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases: 41.7% with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and 16.7% with psoriatic arthritis. In some cases scleritis was associated with chickenpox, surgical treatment of congenital pigmented nevus of the skin of eyelids,n on the conjunctiva and oculomotor muscles, otogenic neuritis of the facial nerve. Сlinical features of anterior deep scleritis and symptoms of bacterial scleritis are described. Personalized schemes for the diagnosis and treatment of scleritis in children have been developed. Conservative treatment included instillation of glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, to anti-inflammatory therapy, antibacterial drugs are prescribed only in the presence of clinical signs of bacterial scleritis; in other cases, their use is inappropriate. The indications for antiviral therapy included laboratory confirmation of herpes infection reactivation. Personalized etiotropic therapy made it possible to achieve remission of scleritis in 9–14 days.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION</italic></bold><italic>:</italic> This study analyzed the etiopathogenesis of scleritis, described the characteristic clinical features of anterior deep scleritis in children, and developed personalized diagnostic and treatment schemes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold>. Анализ этиологии и патогенеза, выявление клинических диагностических особенностей, разработка алгоритма диагностики и персонализированного лечения склеритов у детей.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. Наблюдались 12 детей с моно- и билатеральным склеритом, продолжительностью заболевания 3–9 месяцев. Методы исследования: биомикроскопия; офтальмоскопия; ультразвуковое исследование глаза. План обследования: консультация ревматолога, оториноларинголога, стоматолога, лабораторное исследование крови в иммуноферментном анализе на наличие IgG- и IgM-антител к вирусам герпеса и маркёров их реактивации.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Хронический склерит в 58,4% случаев ассоциировался с иммуновоспалительными ревматическими заболеваниями, в частности, в 41,7% случаев — с ювенильным идиопатическим артритом и в 16,7% случаев — с псориатическим артритом. В ряде случаев склерит ассоциировался с ветряной оспой, с хирургическим вмешательством на веке, конъюнктиве и глазодвигательных мышцах, с отогенным невритом лицевого нерва. Описаны клинические особенности переднего глубокого склерита и симптомы бактериального склерита. Разработаны персонализированные схемы диагностики и лечения склерита у детей. Консервативное лечение заключается в инстилляциях глюкокортикоидов и нестероидных противовоспалительных лекарственных средств. Дополнительно к противовоспалительной терапии назначаются антибактериальные препараты только при наличии клинических признаков бактериального склерита, в остальных случаях их применение нецелесообразно. Показанием к противовирусной терапии является лабораторное подтверждение реактивации герпесвирусной инфекции. Персонализированная этиотропная терапия позволила достичь ремиссии склерита за 9–14 дней.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Проведён анализ этиопатогенеза, описаны характерные клинические особенности переднего глубокого склерита у детей, разработаны персонализированные схемы диагностики и лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>scleritis</kwd><kwd>anterior uveitis</kwd><kwd>cyclitis</kwd><kwd>parsplanitis</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd><kwd>Varicella–Zoster virus</kwd><kwd>Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV 1) and type 2 (HSV 2)</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>склерит</kwd><kwd>передний увеит</kwd><kwd>циклит</kwd><kwd>парспланит</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd><kwd>вирус Варицелла-Зостер</kwd><kwd>вирусы простого герпеса 1 типа (HSV 1) и 2 типа (HSV 2)</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akpek EK, Thorne JE, Qazi FA, et al. Evaluation of patients with scleritis for systemic disease. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(3):501–506. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.06.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akpek E.K., Thorne J.E., Qazi F.A., et al. Evaluation of patients with scleritis for systemic disease // Ophthalmology. 2004. Vol. 111, N 3. Р. 501–506. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.06.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okhravi N, Odufuwa B, McCluskey P, Lightman S. Scleritis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50(4):351–363. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okhravi N., Odufuwa B., McCluskey P., Lightman S. Scleritis // Surv Ophthalmol. 2005. Vol. 50, N 4. Р. 351–363. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sainz de la Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, et al. Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):43–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sainz de la Maza M., Molina N., Gonzalez-Gonzalez L.A., et al. Clinical characteristics of a large cohort of patients with scleritis and episcleritis // Ophthalmology. 2012. Vol. 119, N 1. Р. 43–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Homayounfar G, Nardone N, Borkar DS, et al. Incidence of scleritis and episcleritis: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156(4):752–758. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.026</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Homayounfar G., Nardone N., Borkar D.S., et al. Incidence of scleritis and episcleritis: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study // Am J Ophthalmol. 2013. Vol. 156, N 4. Р. 752–758. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watson PG, Hayreh SS. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60(3):163–191. doi: 10.1136/bjo.60.3.163-191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watson P.G., Hayreh S.S. Scleritis and episcleritis // Br J Ophthalmol. 1976. Vol. 60, N 3. Р. 163–191. doi: 10.1136/bjo.60.3.163-191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wieringa WG, Wieringa JE, ten Dam-van Loon NH, Los LI. Visual outcome, treatment results, and prognostic factors in patients with scleritis. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(2):379–386. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wieringa W.G., Wieringa J.E., ten Dam-van Loon N.H., Los L.I. Visual outcome, treatment results, and prognostic factors in patients with scleritis // Ophthalmology. 2013. Vol. 120, N 2. Р. 379–386. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akintayo RO, Adelowo OO, Egajifo O, et al. The impact of ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis on the health-related quality of life and the functional ability of black Africans. Int Ophthalmol. 2019;39(5):1003–1012. doi: 10.1007/s10792-018-0902-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akintayo R.O., Adelowo O.O., Egajifo O., et al. The impact of ocular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis on the health-related quality of life and the functional ability of black Africans // Int Ophthalmol. 2019. Vol. 39, N 5. Р. 1003–1012. doi: 10.1007/s10792-018-0902-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma SM, Damato E, Hinchcliffe AE, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of TNFα inhibitors in the treatment of non-infectious ocular inflammation: an 8-year prospective surveillance study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019;105(9):1256–1262. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312767</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma S.M., Damato E., Hinchcliffe A.E., et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of TNFα inhibitors in the treatment of non-infectious ocular inflammation: an 8-year prospective surveillance study // Br J Ophthalmol. 2019. Vol. 105, N 9. Р. 1256–1262. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312767</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sainz de la Maza M, Molina N, Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, et al. Scleritis therapy. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):51–58. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sainz de la Maza M., Molina N., Gonzalez-Gonzalez L.A., et al. Scleritis therapy // Ophthalmology. 2012. Vol. 119, N 1. Р. 51–58. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Héron E, Bourcier T. Scleritis and episcleritis. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2017;40(8):681–695. (In French). doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.04.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Héron E., Bourcier T. Sclérites et épisclérites // J Fr Ophtalmol. 2017. Vol. 40, N 8. Р. 681–695. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.04.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez-Gonzalez LA, Molina-Prat N, Doctor P, et al. Clinical features and presentation of infectious scleritis from herpes viruses: a report of 35 cases. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1460–1464. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.01.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez-Gonzalez L.A., Molina-Prat N., Doctor P., et al. Clinical features and presentation of infectious scleritis from herpes viruses: a report of 35 cases // Ophthalmology. 2012. Vol. 119, N 7. Р. 1460–1464. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.01.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovaleva LA, Krichevskaya GI, Davydova GA, Zaitseva AA. Сhronic unilateral anterior nodular scleritis with local inflammation of the ciliary body associated with the varicella-zoster virus. Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology. 2022;17(2):31–38. (In Russ). doi: 10.17816/rpoj105641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалева Л.А., Кричевская Г.И., Давыдова Г.А., Зайцева А.А. Хронический односторонний передний узелковый склерит с локальным поражением цилиарного тела, ассоциированный с вирусом Варицелла-Зостер // Российская педиатрическая офтальмология. 2022. Т. 17, № 2. С. 31–38. doi: 10.17816/rpoj105641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavesio CС, Meier FM. Systemic disorders associated with episcleritis and scleritis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001;12(6):471–478. doi: 10.1097/00055735-200112000-00013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavesio C.С., Meier F.M. Systemic disorders associated with episcleritis and scleritis // Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001. Vol. 12, N 6. Р. 471–478. doi: 10.1097/00055735-200112000-00013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erhardt CC, Mumford PA, Venables PJ, Maini RN. Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight year prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48(1):7–13. doi: 10.1136/ard.48.1.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erhardt C.C., Mumford P.A., Venables P.J., Maini R.N. Factors predicting a poor life prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis: an eight year prospective study // Ann Rheum Dis. 1989. Vol. 48, N 1. Р. 7–13. doi: 10.1136/ard.48.1.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foster CS, Forstot SL, Wilson LA. Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis patients developing necrotizing scleritis or peripheral ulcerative keratitis: effects of systemic immunosuppression. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(10):1253–1263. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34160-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foster C.S., Forstot S.L., Wilson L.A. Mortality rate in rheumatoid arthritis patients developing necrotizing scleritis or peripheral ulcerative keratitis: effects of systemic immunosuppression // Ophthalmology. 1984. Vol. 91, N 10. Р. 1253–1263. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34160-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Braithwaite T, Subramanian A, Petzold A, et al. Trends in Optic Neuritis Incidence and Prevalence in the UK and Association With Systemic and Neurologic Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(12):1514–1523. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Braithwaite T., Subramanian A., Petzold A., et al. Trends in Optic Neuritis Incidence and Prevalence in the UK and Association With Systemic and Neurologic Disease // JAMA Neurol. 2020. Vol. 77, N 12. Р. 1514–1523. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abd El Latif E, Seleet MM, El Hennawi H, et al. Pattern of Scleritis in an Egyptian Cohort. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(6):890–896. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abd El Latif E., Seleet M.M., El Hennawi H., et al. Pattern of Scleritis in an Egyptian Cohort // Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019. Vol. 27, N 6. Р. 890–896. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1544372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ando Y, Keino H, Nakayama M, et al. Clinical Features, Treatment, and Visual Outcomes of Japanese Patients with Posterior Scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(2):209–216. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ando Y., Keino H., Nakayama M., et al. Clinical Features, Treatment, and Visual Outcomes of Japanese Patients with Posterior Scleritis // Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020. Vol. 28, N 2. Р. 209–216. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1574838</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane J, Nyugen E, Morrison J, et al. Clinical Features of Scleritis Across the Asia-Pacific Region. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(6):920–926. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1484496</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane J., Nyugen E., Morrison J., et al. Clinical Features of Scleritis Across the Asia-Pacific Region // Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019. Vol. 27, N 6. Р. 920–926. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1484496</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
