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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российская педиатрическая офтальмология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1993-1859</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-432X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">56969</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/1993-1859-2019-14-1-4-25-33</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for myopia in preschool and early school age and its prevention</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы риска развития миопии в дошкольном и раннем школьном возрастах и меры ее профилактики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarutta</surname><given-names>Elena P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарутта</surname><given-names>Елена Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, доктор медицинских наук, начальник отдела патологии рефракции бинокулярного зрения и офтальмоэргономики</p></bio><email>tar221@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proskurina</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Проскурина</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела патологии рефракции, бинокулярного зрения и офтальмоэргономики</p></bio><email>proskurina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасова</surname><given-names>Наталья Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела патологии рефракции бинокулярного зрения и офтальмоэргономики</p></bio><email>tar221@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Markosian</surname><given-names>Gajane A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркосян</surname><given-names>Гаянэ Айказовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела патологии рефракции, бинокулярного зрения и офтальмоэргономики</p></bio><email>tar221@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Helmholtz’s National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «НМИЦ глазных болезней им. Гельмгольца» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-01-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/56969">https://ruspoj.com/1993-1859/article/view/56969</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Heredity is the most important risk factor for myopia, especially if both parents are nearsighted. Pseudomyopia should also be considered a high-risk factor. Other factors include refraction less than + 0.75 D up to 6 years, emmetropia at the age of 7–10 years, the length of the anterior-posterior axis of the eye more than 23.5 mm, values of relative accommodation resources lower than 1.0 D, an AC/A ratio more than 4 PD/D, and relative peripheral hyperopia. Also, the presence of asymmetry of off-axis refraction, refraction of the nasal half of the eye that is stronger than the temporal half. The influence of these factors on the development of myopia is closely related to the environment, urbanization, level of education, level of fitness, and general health. Disposable risk factors are highlighted, including hypodynamia with a high visual load, and the time spent less than 10 hours a week outdoors. The reliable prevention measures that are recognized include limiting the visual load, perform active outdoor activities for at least 10–14 hours a week, and participate in physical education and some sports. In addition, it is essential to have some form of accommodative training, correction of peripheral hyperopia, and induction of myopic defocus on the periphery of the retina, along with functional treatment and local drug therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Среди факторов риска развития миопии наибольшее значение имеет наследственность, особенно, если оба родителя близоруки. К факторам высокого риска также следует отнести псевдомиопию. Большое значение имеют рефракция сильнее +0,75 дптр в возрасте до 6 лет, эмметропия в возрасте 7–10 лет, длина передне-задней оси глаза более 23,5 мм, значения запасов относительной аккомодации менее 1,0 дптр, отношение аккомодативной конвергенции и аккомодации (АК/A) более 4 пр.дптр/ дптр, относительная периферическая гиперметропия и асимметрия внеосевой рефракции (рефракция носовой половины глаза сильнее височной). Влияние этих факторов на развитие миопии тесно связано с окружающей средой, урбанизацией, уровнем образования, физическим здоровьем. Особо выделяются устранимые факторы риска: гиподинамия при высокой зрительной нагрузке, время пребывания на открытом воздухе менее 10 часов в неделю. Надежными мерами профилактики признаны следующие: ограничение зрительной нагрузки, активное пребывание на открытом воздухе не менее 10–14 часов в неделю, занятия физкультурой и некоторыми видами спорта, домашние тренировки аккомодации, коррекция периферической гиперметропии, наведение миопического дефокуса на периферии сетчатки, функциональное лечение, местная медикаментозная терапия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>myopia in children</kwd><kwd>myopia onset</kwd><kwd>myopia control</kwd><kwd>myopia predictors</kwd><kwd>peripheral refraction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миопия у детей</kwd><kwd>развитие миопии</kwd><kwd>контроль миопии</kwd><kwd>предикторы миопии</kwd><kwd>периферическая рефракция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avetisov ES. Myopia. Moscow: Meditcine. 1999. 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