Statistical Studies of Auroral Activity and Perturbations of the Geomagnetic Field at Middle Latitudes R.

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Abstract

In this paper, we statistically analyzed substorm activity at auroral latitudes for 2007–2020 and its
relationship with magnetic disturbances at middle latitudes using the INTERMAGNET, SuperMAG, and
IMAGE magnetometer data. The appearance and development of magnetic disturbances at auroral latitudes
was monitored by the IL index (similar to the AL index, but calculated according to IMAGE data). For the
2007–2020 period, events that were observed near the meridian of the IMAGE network, in the night sector
(2103 MLT), were selected. Two samples of events were used: (1) IL < –200 nT for at least 10 min, with an
additional criterion for the presence or absence of positive bays at the Panagyurishte station in Bulgaria, and
(2) isolated substorms observed on the IMAGE meridian according to the list of Ohtani and Gjerloev (2020).
The distributions of the IL index, as well as the empirical and theoretical cumulative distribution functions,
are obtained, and the of the occurrence of extreme events are also estimated. It is shown that, in general, the
IL distributions are described well by exponential functions, and out of all events, events accompanied by
mid-latitude positive bays were observed in ~65% of cases while their fraction increased with increasing disturbance
intensity. Events with positive bays at midlatitudes of MPB and isolated substorms were better
described by the Weibull distribution for extreme events. From both distributions, annual and semi-annual
variations were identified: annual variations have a summer minimum and a winter maximum, and semiannual
variations have maxima near the equinoxes, which is most likely due to the Russell-McPherron effect.
The semi-annual variation is also shown to be more pronounced for events with accompanying mid-latitudinal
positive bays.

About the authors

R. Werner

Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Stara Zagora, 6000 Bulgaria

V. Guineva

Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Stara Zagora, 6000 Bulgaria

I. V. Despirak

Polar Geophysical Institute

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Apatity, Murmansk Oblast, 184209 Russia

A. A. Lubchich

Polar Geophysical Institute

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Apatity, Murmansk Oblast, 184209 Russia

P. V. Setsko

Polar Geophysical Institute

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Apatity, Murmansk Oblast, 184209 Russia

A. Atanassov

National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Sofia, 1113 Bulgaria

R. Bojilova

National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Sofia, 1113 Bulgaria

L. Raykova

Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Email: despirak@gmail.com
Stara Zagora, 6000 Bulgaria

D. Valev

Space Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: despirak@gmail.com
Stara Zagora, 6000 Bulgaria

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Copyright (c) 2023 Р. Вернер, В. Гинева, И.В. Дэспирак, А.А. Любчич, П.В. Сецко, А. Атанасов, Р. Божилова, Л. Райкова, Д. Валев