Vol 98, No 9 (2019)
- Year: 2019
- Published: 15.09.2019
- Articles: 19
- URL: https://ruspoj.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9651
LEAD ARTICLE
The contribution of Ufa research institute of occupational health and human ecology to the development of preventive medicine and the solution of environmental and hygienic problems
Abstract



PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES
Problems of endogenous fires in the development of the ore deposits and the experience of the hygienic assessment of the emergency, the emission of sulfur-containing compounds
Abstract
Introduction. In the development and operation of ore deposits, there is a risk of adverse effects from the occurrence of endogenous mine fires (spontaneous combustion of ore), as a result of which there are emissions of significant amounts of harmful and poisonous gas-dust impurities into the atmosphere. This study was conducted in connection with the current unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in the city of Sibay of the Republic of Bashkortostan, due to the decay of sulfur-containing ore of the underground mine.
The purpose of the study is to assess the ecological and hygienic situation associated with air pollution by the decay products of the ore rock of the Sibai underground mine.
Material and methods. The assessment of the level of air pollution in residential areas of Sibai was carried out on the basis of the analysis of monitoring data of 4 independent laboratories (more than 40000 samples from atmospheric air). Calculations and assessment of public health risk were carried out in accordance with the Guidelines 2.1.10.1920-04. Statistical processing was carried out using the software “Microsoft Excel”.
Results. During the period of an intensive decay of the ore rock of the Sibay underground mine in the atmospheric air of some areas of the city, there were found concentrations of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide exceeding hygienic standards (maximum permissible concentration) by 30 or more times and 80 or more times correspondingly. The values of hazard indices in relation to the respiratory system when combined inhalation substances: hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide were ranging from 0,3 (acceptable risk) to 18,4 (high risk). Sulfur dioxide (the hazard ratio to 14.0) and hydrogen sulfide (the hazard ratio to 6.6) made the greatest contribution to the formation of a health risk.
Conclusion. There is a high tendency to spontaneous combustion – the emergence of endogenous fires for copper-pyrite deposits represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite. The decay of the ore rock of the Sibay underground mine resulted in air pollution of residential areas with hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, which contributed to the formation of an increased non-carcinogenic risk to public health.



Methodical approaches to hygienic evaluation of environmental objects and the justification of preventive measures on the territory of accommodation of the enterprises of the petrochemical and refining industries
Abstract
Introduction. Operation of enterprises of petrochemical and oil refining industries is accompanied by significant pollution of air, soil, underground and surface water sources with a complex of toxic chemical compounds, which in turn has an adverse impact on the health and living conditions of the population. In order to carry out a correct assessment of the ecological and hygienic situation and reduce the risk to public health in regions with developed petrochemistry and oil refining, there is a need to optimize the existing mechanism of sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the quality of environmental facilities, to develop effective hygienic recommendations and targeted measures to reduce the level of anthropogenic impact and to prevent poor living conditions.
Material and methods. The analysis of quality of objects of the environment according to departmental laboratories in territories of placement of the enterprises of petrochemistry and oil refining for 2007-2018 is carried out; results of scientific and practical researches and publications on the studied problem for 2004-2017.
Results. There are identified the major sources and reasons for the admission of harmful chemical substances in the environmental objects from the petrochemical and refining industries. The most part of the enterprises of branch was established to operate for a long time, the outdated equipment, the power-consuming while there are used imperfect technologies characterized by insignificant depth of processing of raw materials and representing danger of ecological risk for objects of the environment. The list of priority indices recommended for the control of atmospheric air, soil, water bodies in the areas of petrochemistry and oil refining is based on. Developed and tested an algorithm of assessment of environmental quality and the health risk of the population in the territories with developed petrochemical industry and oil refining. On the basis of the obtained results, approaches to the development of hygienic recommendations and targeted measures to reduce the tested man-made load of the territories are proposed.
Conclusion. The proposed methodological approaches will optimize the assessment of an ecological and hygienic situation, develop preventive measures to reduce the level of man-made impact and prevent poor living conditions in regions with developed petrochemistry and oil refining.



ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
The role of industrial aerosols in the development of allergic respiratory diseases and measures to reduce them
Abstract
Introduction. Industrial aerosols remain one of the main sources of development of occupational respiratory diseases of allergic etiology, leading to the early and permanent disability of qualified industrial workers.
Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence of occupational diseases of the respiratory tract from exposure to industrial aerosols according to statistical records and the first time established occupational diseases registration logs in the clinic for the period from 2008 to 2017 was carried out.
Results. According to the analysis of occupational respiratory diseases in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, the development of occupational allergic diseases of the respiratory organs was established in 54% of cases to be associated with exposure to aerosols of complex chemical composition exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations.
Discussion. The working conditions of employees in a number of industries are characterized by the predominant effect of industrial aerosols of complex composition influenced the formation of occupational allergic diseases of the respiratory system. Adverse microclimatic conditions at the workplace in combination with a chemical factor are aggravating factors. The largest number of cases of occupational respiratory diseases is registered in the manufacturing sectors of the economy, mining companies, and the construction industry.
Conclusion. Based on the studies conducted, measures have been developed to reduce the levels of exposure to industrial aerosols and to maintain workers’ health.



Hygienic approaches to the prevention of occupational diseases among healthcare workers
Abstract
Introduction. Healthcare workers are at a high risk of emotional burnout due to their professional activities associated with constant mental and intellectual stress. The importance of timely diagnosed psychoemotional burnout syndrome (PEBS) determines the need to develop measures for its prevention.
Material and methods. We have studied the working conditions, health status of healthcare workers; the indices of relative risk and etiological component of the contribution of work environment and the work process factors to the development of the identified pathology were calculated; the probability of the development of PEBS based on diagnostics of the emotional burnout level according to the method suggested by V.V. Boiko.
Results. During occupational activities healthcare workers are exposed to chemical, biological, physical work environment factors, the severity and intensity of the work process. Indices of the work process intensity are assigned to the leading hazardous occupational factor according to which the class of working conditions is determined as hazardous Class 1-3. PEBS, diseases of the musculoskeletal, circulatory, digestive and respiration systems are classified as work-related ones. An assessment of the possibility of the development of PEBS has shown 35% of the healthcare workers to consider working conditions to be related to PEBS. The dependence of the development of somatic diseases on the presence or absence of PEBS is revealed.
Conclusion. The working conditions of healthcare workers are characterized by the impact of a complex of occupational factors, the leading of which is the work process intensity. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, circulatory and respiration systems, psycho-emotional burnout syndrome are classified as work-related diseases with a high degree of conditionality. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of preventive measures are the reduction of general, work-related and occupational morbidity, the preservation of psychosomatic well-being, and the prevention of economic damage from temporary and permanent disability.



Survival of bacteria in a simulation of surrounding surfaces of constructions for salt therapy
Abstract
Introduction. Ground constructions for salt therapy, which differ in the composition of minerals and in the modification of therapeutic surfaces, are actively used in Russia and abroad. The abiotic surfaces of these devices are susceptible to microbial contamination, the sources of which are the upper respiratory tract, the skin of patients and medical staff.
The aim of the work is to assess the viability of microorganisms on abiotic surfaces identical to the material for the manufacture of salt physiotherapy constructions.
Material and methods. 6 and 24 hours after application to abiotic surfaces with different relief there was evaluated the survival rate of reference gram-positive and gram-negative cultures of microorganisms and isolated ones from salt rooms. Viable cells were determined by the method of decimal dilutions in terms of the number of colonies-forming units (CFU).
Results. It was found that bacterial cells can preserve at the halite and various surfaces of sylvinite for at least 24 hours. The viability of microorganisms was independent of the ratio of minerals (halite/sylvin) in the samples. The structure of the surface of sylvinite: the largest number of microorganisms was retained on crushed sylvinite (7.98E+02 ± 1.62E+03 CFU/ml was a significant factor for the survival of bacteria. Despite a great survival of staphylococci in comparison with gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacteria on all the surfaces studied, no significant differences between the groups were detected. In this case, bacteria isolated from salt structures were more resistant to salt load due to adaptive modification of microorganisms, including increasing the hydrophobicity of the cell wall, increasing their ability to survive. Bacteria grown on a solid agar medium proved to be more tolerant of the conditions of osmotic stress.
Conclusion. The obtained data confirm the dependence of the adaptive mechanisms on the environmental conditions and the initial physiological state of cells. The results of studies on the survival of bacteria on salt surfaces of various types indicate their resistance to high concentrations of salts, which raises the question of special methods for treating fences of salt therapy structures.



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Environmental and hygienic assessment of ambient air pollution and pediatric population health in areas with developed oil industry
Abstract
Introduction. The ecological and hygienic state of the environment plays a major role in promoting pediatric population health. The ambient air pollutants are regarded as the primary environmental factor leading to the immunity reducing, thus provoking the development of various diseases.
Material and methods. The data on the concentration of general toxicity chemicals in the ambient air of towns and districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan with the developed oil industry, as well as data on the state of pediatric health between 2007 and 2016. To identify possible links between medico-demographic indicators and toxicant concentration in the ambient air the Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were calculated.
Results. The Republican objects of the fuel and energy complex make the largest contribution to air pollution in the areas of their location. The gross emissions of such enterprises as Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim and Bashneft-Navoil amount to 43.69–49.77 thousand tons of pollutants per year. The presence of a number of air pollutants is detected above the standards in certain periods of time. The most commonly recorded excesses are for ammonia, suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. In some areas where oil-extracting and oil-refining enterprises are located, there are high rates of general morbidity of the pediatric population, congenital anomalies, and diseases of the respiratory organs in children of the first year of life. Correlation analysis showed a close positive relationship between carbon monoxide content and the overall incidence rates of child circulation (r = 0.957) and blood disease indicators in infants (r = 0.821). Respiratory diseases correlate with nitrogen dioxide emissions (r = 0.899).
Conclusion. Further development of the oil extracting, petrochemical and oil refining industries should be carried out taking into account the socio-economic conditions of the population.



Characteristics of physical health of students of modern educational institutions
Abstract
Introduction. The article is devoted to schoolchildren physical health signs in Nizhniy Novgorod schools of different physical education level.
Material and methods. The morphofunctional signs of 3045 children in 8 schools have been studied using anthropometry and functional tests during a medical examination. The method of integral indices rating from 0 to 1 has been used for assessment of physical health level.
Results. The physical health (PH) has been estimated by morphofunctional signs and tolerance to physical load. Every eighth child (12,8 %) is characterized by low and below the average level of PH. A third of children (34,3%) has average level PH, 41,2% has above the average level of PH, only 11,7% - high level of PH. Physical health is increased in schoolchildren with high and above the average level of PH to senior age group. It makes up more than 75% of boys and 65% girls in 3rd stage of education.
The relationship between physical education and physical health is shown. Schoolchildren’s physical health is more in two times in schools with an integration of modern forms of physical activity and maintenance of all hygienic requirements in comparison with schools using traditional physical education under physical standards and uniformity.
Conclusion. The given results are the scientific background for the inclusion of additional organizational-methodical forms and technologies of physical education to increase the schoolchildren’s physical activity, physical health, and adaptation reserves.



FOOD HYGIENE
The content of some contaminants in vegetables grown on school grounds
Abstract
Introduction. Despite the fact that the state of school meals is monitored by the administration of educational institutions, authorities of Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Supervision, it is almost impossible to cover all safety measures with research on safety performance. As part of the study of the quality and safety of food products used in the diet of schoolchildren, there was carried out an analysis of vegetables grown in school grounds for the content of nitrates, pesticides, and macro- and microelements.
Material and methods. Sampling of beets, carrots, and potatoes was carried out during the autumn period at school grounds in rural areas of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Macro- and trace elements (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, pesticides (HCCH and DDT) were measured by gas chromatography, and nitrates were evaluated potentiometrically. Statistical data processing was performed using standard software, the results are expressed as medians or general average values with the corresponding standard deviations.
Results. Organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT), the use of which is currently prohibited, have not been identified in vegetable samples, the levels of metals and nitrates are very variable and depended on both the type of product and the place of growth. The concentration of nitrates in beets and carrots exceeds the maximum permissible levels in 62.5% of samples, in potatoes - in 18.8%.
Lead accumulation in vegetables has not been established, the maximum levels did not reach 0.2 MPU, the concentration of cadmium was higher than the permissible level in 6% of the samples analyzed. No elevated levels of iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese were recorded; on the contrary, their lower concentrations were noted compared with the average Russian data.
Conclusion. In connection with the detection of elevated concentrations of nitrates, it is necessary to strengthen control over the safety of vegetables grown in school grounds and used in school canteens.



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
The foundation of the prevention of occupational morbidity in workers of petrochemical plants
Abstract
Introduction. Despite the improvement of technologies for the production of petrochemical products, against the background of the positive dynamics of occupational morbidity in the whole production of chemicals and chemical products, according to official data, occupational diseases are recorded annually at the industrial enterprises. In this regard, studies that will reveal the causal relationships between occupational diseases and the development of preventive programs aimed at eliminating the influence of harmful substances on the workers’ bodies and ensuring safe working conditions are relevant.
Material and methods. There was carried a retrospective analysis of occupational morbidity indices out due to acute and chronic occupational diseases caused by a chemical factor over 39 years (1980-2018) in workers of one of the leading petrochemical enterprises located in the Volga Federal District. This company includes more than a dozen industries located on one industrial site. Occupational morbidity was assessed in absolute and relative terms.
The occupational morbidity index, an integral indicator of the frequency and severity of occupational diseases, occupational risk levels in terms of occupational morbidity were determined in accordance with the Guide “Occupational Health Risk to Workers”, edited by Izmerov N.F., Denisov E.I.
Results. The working conditions of petrochemical workers that are part of the enterprise structure are unsafe; cases of acute and/or chronic occupational diseases caused by chemical factors are annually recorded. In the structure of occupational morbidity, chronic toxicity ranks first. The level of occupational risk according to indices of occupational morbidity among workers of heptyl production corresponds to above average, among workers of ethylbenzene-styrene and butyl alcohols - to average.
Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the occupational morbidity of petrochemical workers, a prevention program including a number of organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic, as well as medical and preventive measures have been developed.



Immunological indices in workers of various livestock productions
Abstract
Introduction. The working conditions of livestock workers do not exclude the negative impact of the harmful biological factor of the work environment. Against the background of impaired immune homeostasis, the presence of saprophytic microorganisms in the working area air can contribute to the development of inflammatory pathology. The dynamic monitoring of the state of the immune system is needed due to the choice of tests in the conditions of health examinations of livestock workers.
Material and methods. Working conditions, the state of health and the immune system of various livestock workers have been studied; analysis of the microbiological contamination of the work environment air has been conducted; patient groups according to the level of microbiological risk have been formed.
Results. The hygienic studies conducted indicate industrial noise; aerosols in the form of a dust of plant and animal origin on the basis of grain; certain hazardous chemicals; the microclimate of production facilities, as well as the burden of labor to predominate in the livestock enterprises. In the work environment air, increased content of opportunistic microorganisms (pathogens of opportunistic infections) has been detected. Different modal abnormalities of immune status indices in response to microbial load have been revealed. The relationship between the quantitative characteristic of the total microbial load and the state of the immune system among workers in various livestock production has been established.
Conclusion. The biological factor is a risk factor for the formation of different levels of both systemic and local disorders of the immune regulation. The potential risk for failure of compensatory-adaptive and adaptive mechanisms increases in proportion to the degree of total microbiological stress. Under conditions of increased microbiological risk, the dynamic control of workers’ immune system becomes important, which requires substantiation and development of adequate methodological approaches to the choice and use of diagnostic procedures and tests for mass health check-ups of livestock workers.



HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Cardiovascular risk assessment and development of a prevention program for cardiovascular diseases among petrochemical workers
Abstract
Introduction. The high prevalence of circulatory diseases among workers exposed to hazardous occupational factors is an important medical and social problem.
Material and methods. The study of working conditions and the state of the cardiovascular system in petrochemical workers has been carried out by using hygienic, clinical, laboratory and statistical research methods. Occupational and non-occupational factors of cardiovascular risks for workers have been studied.
Results. As a result of complex clinical and hygienic studies, the contribution of occupational, non-occupational, and psycho-emotional factors to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases in chemical workers has been established. The level of cardiovascular risk has been shown to be determined by the spectrum and intensity of the impact of occupational stress factors, the age and work-experience-related characteristics of workers
Conclusion. The impact of occupational, non-occupational, psychosocial risk factors on the state of the cardiovascular system has been identified. The development and implementation of the multiple factor prevention system are imperative.



Element Status of the Pediatric Population of Technogenic Geochemical Areas
Abstract
Introduction. The Ural part of the Republic of Bashkortostan is distinguished by a variety of geomorphological, geological and geographical factors, economic specialization and level of economic development. However, the degree of impact of the total anthropogenic load on the environmental state of the entire territory is classified as “strong”. The influence of living environment features on the elemental status of the population, including children, negative trends in morbidity rates necessitate biomonitoring, based on the study of the composition of the human biological media.
Material and methods. Using the atomic absorption method 491 samples of children’s hair have been analyzed. Quantitative assessment of the levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cd accumulation in the hair in children aged 0 - 7 years old, born and lived in the industrial, industrial-agricultural and predominantly agricultural areas of the eastern part of Bashkiria has been done.
Results. In the body of children, the accumulation of toxic metals originates from food and inhaled polluted air coming from industrial plants. Proof of inhalation exposure is the relationship between the decrease in the level of toxic elements in the emissions of town-forming enterprises and children’s bio-media over a ten-year observation period. The adaptability of children’s body to the macro-and trace elements presented in the residential zone has been revealed.
Conclusions. The metal concentration in the hair of children is characterized by a very large variability, at which an inverse relationship between the accumulation of biochemically necessary and potentially dangerous elements is noted. Toxic elements penetrate through the intrauterine barrier; as a result, the child is born with elevated concentrations of heavy metals, a significant decrease of which occurs by the end of the first year of life.



Reproductive health risks among female workers exposed to hazardous working conditions and measures to minimize them
Abstract
Introduction. The problem of women’s health protection and maintaining their reproductive health is a relevant problem of occupational health.
Material and methods. The assessment of exposure levels to hazardous occupational factors at workplaces and reproductive health indices of female workers of petrochemistry and mining of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been carried out.
Results. Petrochemical female workers have been shown to be exposed to the combined impact of toxicants including saturated, unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. at the maximum permissible level or below their concentration, the mining and processing enterprise workers - to the combined impact of hazardous occupational factors (polymetallic ore dust, chemicals, industrial noise). The working conditions of female workers of both industries correspond to hazardous Class I. Most chemicals possess reproductive toxicity. A significantly high prevalence of menstrual disorders, benign neoplasms, obstetric pathology in the form of threatened abortion, gestosis in the second half of pregnancy, chronic placental insufficiency, and as well as newborns’ morbidity have been revealed among female workers of main groups.
Conclusion. The labor of women in the modern petrochemical complex, as well as the mining and processing enterprise fails to provide female workers’ reproductive health safety. Studies have shown the need to develop a system of preventive measures which will promote reproductive health of workers.



Risk assessment of children’s health due to the chemical composition of drinking water sources of the non-centralized water supply of the city of Ekaterinburg
Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the risk assessment methodology has become the leading tool for assessing the health of various groups of the population, allowing identifying priority negative environmental factors.
Material and methods. There were explored 212 wells, including 150 in collective gardens and 62 in cottage settlements. The priority oral route of chemical intake into the body was studied.
Results. Nitrates and arsenic compounds create the main non-carcinogenic risk in the sources of non-centralized water supply in the territory of the Municipal Settlement of the city of ekaterinburg. When using water from wells in cottage settlements levels of non-carcinogenic risks are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships. Acceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk for children under 6 years are related with 17.4% of water sources in collective gardens and 25% of wells in cottage settlements; for adults - 60.8% and 93.8% respectively. The detected nitrate concentrations in individual wells of horticultural associations can create a high non-carcinogenic risk. The total individual lifetime carcinogenic risk, both in the water of collective gardens and in the water wells of cottage settlements ranges from 10–5 to 10–4 and, therefore, is at a low level, the greatest contribution is made by arsenic compounds.
Discussion. In contrast to the earlier traditional assessment of drinking water quality, when the main substances for which the discrepancy was found to hygienic standards were manganese, nitrates, iron and silicon, in the assessment of water danger using the methodology of risk assessment, nitrates and arsenic come to the first place, with a much smaller role of manganese. The calculation of carcinogenic risks using age correction factors (ADAF) has increased the risk values calculated by the traditional method by almost 2 times. Summary Levels of non-carcinogenic risks when using water from wells in cottage settlements are significantly lower than non-carcinogenic risks in horticultural partnerships.



EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Experimental evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of a new composition of oximethuracil with carbonic acids
Abstract
Introduction. The high frequency of chemical poisoning is accompanied by an increase in the absolute number of cases of chemical damage to the liver. There is growing evidence that acute chemical poisoning in Russia is among the leading non-infectious diseases leading to premature death of male and female working-age people. It seems relevant to search for new pharmacological agents with low toxicity and high hepatoprotective activity, which increase the body’s stability under the influence of adverse environmental factors. The use of metabolic action drugs combining antioxidant and antihypoxic activity as hepatoprotectors is promising. The purpose of this study is an experimental evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of a new composition of oxymethyluracil with succinic and fumaric acids.
Material and methods. The composition of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with succinic and fumaric acids was first synthesized at the Ufa Institute of Chemistry. Using the model of acute liver toxic damage with carbon tetrachloride in laboratory animals, the prophylactic effect of a new drug was studied in comparison with heptor (ademetionine). Biochemical and morphological studies of laboratory animals’ biomaterial were conducted.
Results. The analysis showed that when using the studied drugs, biochemical parameters were close to the level of control animals. Morphological changes in the liver were less pronounced in the group of animals treated with the new composition, compared with changes in the structure of the liver of animals treated with heptorator (ademetionin).
Conclusion. The new composition of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with succinic and fumaric acids has a protective effect on the liver of laboratory animals with the acute toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride, comparable, and in some cases, exceeding the preventive effect of heptoperam (ademetionine).



Analysis of changes in CASP7 AND CHEK1 genes expression in liver toxic damage induced by tetrachloromethane against the background of hepatoprotectors
Abstract
Introduction. The effect of hepatoprotectors on the expression of genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis and the cell cycle (Casp7 and Chek1) under the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride (carbon tetrachloride, CCl4) was studied.
Material and methods. Studies were performed in male albino mongrel rats (n=70), assigned to the control group, modulated with CCl4-induced toxic hepatitis and three experimental ones in which the administration of drugs (Heptor, Mexidol and Methyluracil) was carried out 1 hour before CCl4 administration. After 24 and 72 h of CCl4 administration animals were decapitated and the liver was removed. The expression of Casp7 and Chek1 genes in rat liver was studied by real-time using polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription.
Results. Toxic damage to the liver of rats receiving CCl4 after 24 h resulted an increase in the expression of the Chek1 gene. The use of hepatoprotective drugs practically did not alter the expression of the Casp7 and Chek1 genes relative to the group that received only CCl4. At the same time, when comparing the effect of Mexidol, there were significant differences in the expression of the genes under study between two time points of 24 and 72 h. The effect of Heptor revealed changes in the expression level of the Casp7 gene when comparing the results 24 and 72 h after administration.
Conclusion. The administration of hepatoprotectors to animals receiving CCl4 did not significantly affect the transcriptional activity of the Casp7 and Chek1 genes.



METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
The state of microbiotes of the skin and mucous membranes of workers as an adaptation criterion to occupational factors (based on the oil extraction industry
Abstract
Introduction. The working conditions of workers in oil-producing industries do not exclude the negative impact of a harmful biological factor of the working environment. The combined effect of harmful and dangerous factors (noise, vibration, a complex of chemicals of varying intensity), adverse climatic and geographical conditions in the process of oil production lead to violations of the structural and functional state of the body and increase the risk of disease caused by opportunistic microorganisms.
Material and methods. To study the effect of working conditions of workers engaged in oil extraction on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microorganism, an investigation of skin microbiota and microbiocenosis of the upper respiratory tract mucosa was carried out. Using the method of skin prints from the inner surface of the forearm on a plate with blood agar allowed, along with the total number of microorganisms, to determine the presence of hemolytic forms on the surface and in deep layers of the skin of oil workers. Estimate the influence of working conditions on the microbiocenosis of the upper respiratory tract and mucosal anti-infective resistance of the mucous membrane analyzed the species composition of the microbiota of the nasal mucosa and pharynx in workers, directly and indirectly engaged in oil production.
Results. Studies show in workers directly involved in oil extraction, the number of microorganisms of the skin is significantly higher than that of healthy people in average by 2.0-3.6 times on the surface and 1.7-3.7 times in the deep layers. For machinists, these differences achieve 2.5–4.0 and 1.2–4.0 times, respectively, and for engineering and technical workers, 1.4–2.3 on the skin surface and 1.2–2.5 in the deep layers. For drillers, drillers’ assistants, operators, the presence of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of 3-5 or more components on the nasal and pharyngeal polymicrobial associations is typical, and for engineers, engineers and technicians from 2-4, less often 5 components.
Conclusion. The impact of occupational factors affecting workers in the process of oil extraction, contributes to the development of microbiocenosis lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. On the surface of the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract there are a wide variety and specific structure of the microflora, specific to each of the studied groups in the workers examined.



Change of the profile of expression of adaptive response genes in toxic hepatitis of different etiology
Abstract
Introduction. In Russia, the problem of toxic hepatitis is of great importance and relevance. The etiology of toxic hepatitis (industrial toxicants, drugs, ethanol) and, as a consequence, pathogenesis may have significant differences at the molecular genetic level.
The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of genes involved in the response to toxic liver damage of various etiologies.
Material and methods. Toxic hepatitis was modulated in male albino mongrel rats weighing 180-200 grams assigned to four groups (control group, carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, ethanol). After 24 and 72 hours of paracetamol administration, rats were anesthetized and the mRNA levels of the Chek1, Gclc, Gstm1, Gstp1, Gstt1, Nfe2l2, Nqo1, Ripk1 genes in the liver homogenate were examined.
Results. As a result of the analysis of the genes expression studied, the expression profile was found TO be differed depending on the etiology of toxic hepatitis. With carbon tetrachloride poisoning, an increase in the expression of the Nqo1 genes (p = 0.001), Gstm1 (p = 0.037) and a decrease in the expression of the Nfe2l2 genes (p = 0.004), Ripk1 (p = 0.004) was observed. With the liver damage by paracetamol and its metabolites, opposite to the expression of the Gstm1 gene (p = 0.001) decreased, and the expression of the Nfe2l2 (p = 0.009), Gclc (p = 0.001), Chek1 (p = 0.011) genes increased. During alcohol intoxication, there were no statistically significant changes in the expression profiles of the genes studied.
Conclusion. the results obtained may indicate the involvement of various molecular genetic mechanisms in the process of response to toxic liver damage, depending on the etiology.


