Vol 98, No 5 (2019)
- Year: 2019
- Published: 14.05.2019
- Articles: 19
- URL: https://ruspoj.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9680
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Current issues of the interrelationship between the environment and human health in European Union countries. literature review
Abstract



Content of heavy metals in the soils of the city of Murmansk
Abstract
Introduction. The problem of the soil contamination in urbanized ecosystems is considered and very important in the context of sustainable functioning of urboecosystems on the populated areas. In this context, the actualization in the information on the ecotoxicological state of soils and soil cover on the Arctic cities became more and more urgent. Cities and urbanized territories of the Russian Arctic zone are investigated in the context of sanitary and hygiene not in details. At the same time, hygienical state of soils in conditions of cryolythozone is the critical factor for sustainable functioning of the cryogenic ecosystems.
Materials and methods. In September 2015 a study was conducted with the soil of 4 different zones with different functional load in the city of Murmansk. Totally 18 soil samples have been taken in various functional zones. Soils of the Murmansk city were shown to be presented by stratified versions of AL-Fe-humus and urban soils, and slightly drained and anthropogenically-transformed histic Gleysols. Laboratory experiments include the determination of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn) content.
Results. The concentration of heavy metals was established to be somewhat lower than in large cities of Russia. Subsequently, the obtained values of heavy metals were compared with the existing estimated allowable concentrations (EAC) and the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) set forth in GN 2.1.7.2511-09. Analysis of the total pollution index Zc data showed the majority of the total sample contamination on the degree of danger to be characterized as dangerous (Zc <16). Soils of the cities of the polar zones of Russia were emphasized to be investigated more detailed because the profile distribution of the contaminants is altered by the cryogenic processes. Soils of the Murmansk city were established to be classified as low contaminated which is related to the recent history of anthropogenic impact, at the same time, under the detailed investigation the practice with the hot spot of contamination could be revealed.



DETERMINATION OF THE DISINFECTANT ACTION OF CAUSTIC LIME ON THE MICROFLORA OF SLUDGE OF WASTEWATER OF CLEANING FACILITIES FOR SEWERAGE AND CATTLE-BREEDING COMPLEXES
Abstract
Introduction. The main task of treating sewage sludge is to obtain the final product, the properties of which would ensure the possibility of its utilization and minimize the damage to the environment. The sanitary and hygiene characteristics of the sediment are assessed by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and helminths eggs. The degree of disinfection of the sediments is controlled according to SanPiN 2.1.7.573 - 96.
The objective of the work. Determination of optimal doses of caustic lime for disinfection of microbial contamination of sewage sludge of household wastewater of sewerage cleaning facilities (SCF) and liquid manure of the swine complex.
Material and methods. The object of the study were microbial communities of the sludge of the SCF household wastewater and liquid manure of the swine complex. Standard microbiological research methods were used in the work according to MU 2.1.5.800 - 99 and MR N FTs/4022. For representativeness, analyses were performed in triplicate.
Results. Caustic lime was added in the amount of 1 to 10% of the volume (mass) of the sludge under study into the sludge of household wastewater (humidity of 97 - 98%). The contact time was 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours. At a concentration of caustic lime of 5 and 6%, the absence of microflora was noted after 1 hour, at a concentration of caustic lime 8 - 10% - after 0.5 hours. After 3 hours, for any amount of caustic lime (from 1 to 10%) in the native sludge of wastewater sewerage, all the microorganisms under study were not shown. Into the liquid manure (humidity less than 85%), caustic lime was added in the amount of 4 - 10% of the volume (mass) of the material being examined. The exposure was of 1 and 3 hours. The complete death of microbes at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%.
Conclusion. The investigations have shown the dynamics of death of microorganisms in studying the impact of caustic lime on both native and sterilized material to be the same. The total death of microorganisms during the treatment of sludge from household wastewater was observed at a concentration of caustic lime of 7 - 9%. The complete death of microbes in liquid manure (native and sterilized) at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%.



Forecasting the heat comfort of passengers in the electric train shops. Theory and practice
Abstract
Introduction. The purpose of the presented work was to determine the cause of complaints of passengers dissatisfied with the thermal comfort in electric trains equipped with modern air conditioning systems. In order, this work to be done both practical and theoretical research was carried out in two stages. This work includes the estimation of microclimate parameters in cars and passengers thermal comfort parameters.
Material and methods. At the first stage, direct measurements of microclimate on passenger seats were conducted while the train was in operation. Subsequent analysis of the obtained figures indicates the average values of the studied parameters to correspond to their normative values. At the second stage, Fanger calculation method of determining passenger comfort or discomfort was used to analyze passengers’ assessment of various microclimatic situations in electric trains, both in local areas and in the salons of cars as a whole. Using the Fanger method, based on the results of theoretical calculations, a diagram was constructed. It contains curves showing the warmth index of passengers under different combinations of air temperature and velocity.
Results. PMV indices were calculated by using the first stage measurements. Afterward, passengers heating comfort area was drawn on the diagram. It was made for each car and the passengers’ complaints were taken into consideration.
Conclusion. The diagram analysis of passengers heating comfort area location relatively to zero point shows the percentage of dissatisfied passengers and it helps to explain the reason it occurs.



Magnesium status of the environment and population morbidity rate of arterial hypertension
Abstract
Introduction. Study of the interrelation between magnesium content in biosphere objects (soil, natural water, plants) with arterial hypertension (AH) incidence among the population living in the territory of the plain Dagestan (Babayurtovsky, Kizlyar, Tarumovsky and Nogai districts of the Republic).
Material and Methods. To assess the development of hypertension, the data were obtained from the medical information center of the Ministry of Health of Dagestan. Samples of soil, water, plants with the determination of the magnesium content in them were processed by the photometric method in the biogeochemical laboratory of the Prikaspiyskiy Institute of Biology Resources of Daghestan Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For analyzes, the material was selected in the summer months. The correlation coefficients are calculated by Pearson.
Results. When comparing the incidence rates of AH for 2005-2007 with the magnesium content in soils, natural waters, plants, a negative average correlation of magnesium concentration in the study sites with the incidence of AH population was established in the study area. A number of patients in the studied years was also noted to be changing, but the dependence of the incidence of AH of the population on the magnesium content in the biosphere objects is preserved.
Conclusions. One of the factors of occurrence and course of hypertension is the magnesium status of the population, which depends on the geochemical features of the territory. As a result of the study, it was found that the higher the magnesium content in biosphere objects, the lower the incidence of AH population. In order to reduce the AH values among the population, it is necessary to correct the lack of magnesium in the human body with magnesium additives, which contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In connection with the possible subclinical magnesium deficiency, an important factor in informing about the possible morbidity of hypertension is information on the magnesium content in environmental objects.



OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
Hygienic risk factors of physical culture and sports activity of athletes. The coach’s view
Abstract



Toxicological evaluation of indomethacin as a risk factor for workers’ health
Abstract
Introduction. The toxicity of indomethacin was studied for its hygienic regulation.
Material and methods. The toxic properties of indomethacin in the experiments on out-bred and linear mice, rats, Guinea pigs and rabbits contained in standard vivarium conditions and quarantined have been studied. In the experiments, various modes (single, repeated, chronic) and ways of exposure (intragastric, inhalation, epicutaneous) were modeled. The average lethal dose (LD50) of Indomethacin and the threshold of a single acute action (Limac) were determined; irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes, cumulative and allergenic activity were revealed. In subacute and chronic intake to the body, the main target organs were determined on the based of the results of biochemical and hematological studies.
Results. DL50 for male rats, females and male mice, when introduced into the stomach, were have been established to be 20, 15 and 25.6 mg/kg respectively. It refers to the substances of hazard class 2. DL50 in the intraperitoneal introduction for the rats accounted for 13.8 mg/kg, for Guinea pigs - 500 mg/kg. The clinical picture of acute poisoning in mice and rats was characterized by low mobility, decreasing breathing, ataxia, muscle relaxation, anorexia, diarrhea, ulceration with the perforation of the intestines, and the death on the 2-4th days after the poisoning. In the experiments on Guinea pigs, the ulcerogenic effect was not detected. Local irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes was not revealed. It has a marked skin-resorptive action causing ulcerogenic effect and the death of the animals after 6 applications. The introduction of verospiron to the rats in a dose of 25 mg/kg simultaneously with the application of indomethacin ointment on the skin prevented the ulcer development in the gastrointestinal tract and the death of the animals. No sensitizing effect was detected. It has an average cumulative ability: the cumulation coefficient amounted to 2.6. In a subacute experiment, there was a decrease in the body temperature and summation-threshold index, an increase in the vertical motor activity and a threshold of pain sensitivity. During the study of blood serum an increase in AcAt activity, a rise of chlorides in the blood serum and their decrease in the urine, and an increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in peripheral blood were revealed. In the pathomorphological study, there was an increase in the coefficients of liver mass and ulceration of the stomach and intestines. The threshold of acute inhalation action accounted for 0.52 mg/m3 (by the reduction of the summation-threshold index and the content of sodium and chlorides in the urine).
Conclusion. The maximum permissible concentration of indomethacin in the air of the working area was
of 0.05 mg/m3 with the mark “special protection of the skin and eyes”, hazard class 1, aerosol



The features of the influence of the occupational activity of accountant upon its psychological status
Abstract
Introduction. In this paper, the authors presented findings of comparative psychodiagnostics of certain indices of personality sphere of accountants before and after implementation of the author’s training program “11 steps of perfection”.
Material and methods. Two preferable behavior strategies (“Collaboration and “Compromise”) of accountants in conflict situation were revealed. Pronounced levels of indices of reticence, emotional instability, anxiety and lower levels of indices of functional status were found in elder accountants.
Results of approbation of the training program aimed to form a positive dynamics of personality sphere indices in this occupational group provided evidence about the effectiveness of this program.
Conclusion. The decrease of levels of indices of reticence, emotional instability, anxiety; elevated levels of indices
of functional status; the broadening of behavior strategy spectrum in a conflict situation was observed.



Psychological readiness for medical activities in students of the medical college as a psychohygienic factor of nursing
Abstract
Introduction. Psychological readiness of graduates of Medical College to performance of their professional duties in Russia practically is not studied, whereas in foreign literature, this issue is devoted to many studies.
Aim. To explore the psychological readiness of future graduates of Medical College with the initial goal of identifying the observed statistical regularities, including the phenomenological approach.
Materials and methods. We surveyed 54 students of both genders enrolled in Medical College (St. Petersburg) on the program of secondary education “Nursing”. All participants completed questionnaires, compiled by the tests, modified on the basis of the phenomenological approach: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory of Ch.D. Spielberger, a test of the level of subjective control (scale of internality), and, in fact, a phenomenological interview of E.P. Kоrablina. Statistical processing was performed using contingency tables with the verification of the dependence/independence of the age ranges on the χ2 Pearson criterion of consent. Check the relationship between the categories is taken for the probability of error of the first kind p less than 0.05. All computing operations are performed using statistical application spreadsheets Excel-2003.
Results. All the tested questionnaires were modified on the based the phenomenological approach, higher education was found significant (p<0.05) difference in respect of psychological readiness for professional duties performance as compared with students.
Conclusion. The level of psychological readiness identified by three independent tests, studying at evening classes was higher than that of students on day branch, which means a greater willingness of students to evening classes
to professional activities after graduation.



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Specific features of the development of school-aged children living in a high-mountain region in the Kyrgyz Republic
Abstract



Study of the effect of examination stress on the indices of the mental working capacity of University students
Abstract
Introduction. In this study, there were examined features of the impact of exam stress on mental performance and anxiety level in 2-3 year students of medical and pedagogical universities.
Materials and methods. The levels of reactive and personal anxiety were studied according to the C. Spielberger anxiety scale adapted by Yu. L. Khanin, attention was assessed using the Pieron-Rüser test, the Bourdon-Anfimov correction test was used to study the level of mental performance, the type of temperament was determined using a two-factor model of extraversion and neuroticism using questionnaire H.J. Eysenck. The study was implemented in two stages: the first stage - during the semester period, and the second stage - during the examination session. For processing the data obtained during the study, a standard statistical software package was used, and correlation analysis was used to identify the relationships between the variables studied.
Results. The assessment of situational anxiety in the second stage showed a statistically significant increase in the number of students with high and extremely high levels of anxiety in 24 and 3 respondents from the 1 group respectively (p ≤ 0.05), and 17 and 3 respondents in group 2, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation analysis of the relationship between reactive anxiety and mental performance showed a weak and medium correlation among students in both groups. The attention study in both groups showed that in the second stage of the study, the indices change: in 1 group, the proportion of students with a low level of attention increased to 40%, and in 2 the number of students with low and very low level of attention decreased by 2.77% and 11.08%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion. Increased study loads and requirements for students were proved to contribute to an increase in the level of reactive anxiety, in the period between sessions indices of mental performance in students decrease, respectively, and the level of attention declines.



Thirty-year trends in university students’ lifestyle and quality of life
Abstract
Material and methods. Questionnaire survey for the estimation of the Quality of life was done in 796 students. 419 students of Arkhangelsk State Medical Institute were tested in 1979-1984, including 205 males and 214 females with an average age of 22.2; 203 students of higher educational institutions of Severodvinsk in 1998-2005 including 85 males and 118 females with average age of 18.7; 173 students of M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk) including 85 males and 88 females with average age of 19.5. Meaningfulness of differences in studied indices is calculated using Fisher’s exact test.
Results. The decline in quality of life and lifestyle indices (dissatisfaction with living conditions, food quality, summer holidays) in 1998-2005 is shown in comparison to 1979-1984 period; in 2014-2015 they significantly increased. Nevertheless, no more than half of the respondents (45%-34%-53%) characterize their diet as adequate and regular. Increase in adherence to healthy lifestyle in modern students is noted: relatively large amount of them regularly takes exercises (10%-13%-39%), toughens up (8%-4%-9%), swim a lot in natural bodies of water (20%-15%-23%), never consume alcohol (12% -13% -35% of males 30%-5%-30% of females). However the proportion of smoking students has increased compared to the first stage of research (57%-70%-65% of males and 6%-75%-53% of females), and the proportion of those toughening themselves up regularly doesn’t exceed 9%. An increase in the number of students with no chronic diseases is shown. More students have complaints about precardialgia while complaints about gastrointestinal dysfunction and headaches became less frequent. Majority of the students are satisfied with their lives. Almost half of the respondents noted good mood as a predominant one.



FOOD HYGIENE
Hygienic evaluation of nutrition in students of higher educational institutions
Abstract
Introduction. Rational nutrition is one of the most important factors of a healthy lifestyle, ensuring the preservation and strengthening of the health of the population. However, in the government document “Fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition of the population for the period until 2020” it is noted that despite positive trends in nutrition of the population, the mortality from chronic diseases, the development of which is largely related to the alimentary factor, remains much higher than in most European countries. It is especially important to ensure the rational nutrition of young people, which determines the future development of Russian society. Given the urgency of the problem, we carried out a comprehensive hygienic study aimed at studying the nutrition of students in higher education.
Materials and methods. 1820 students from 4 Universities of Ufa of the Republic of Bashkortostan took part in the experiment. The study of the daily diet of students was conducted using the method of 24-hour reproduction. Two computer programs aimed at monitoring of the daily diet of students have been developed, tested and registered. The chemical composition and caloric content of the consumed products was estimated.
Results. As a result of the study, the amount of protein in the daily rations of students was found out to increase (for girls - by 8.2%, for boys - by 23.5%). Above the norm, there is also the fat content in food products of young men (by 10.2%). The students of both genders have been diagnosed with carbohydrate deficiency (8.5% below the norm for girls, 10.4% for boys). The daily calorific value of the students was normal. Evaluation of the content of macronutrients in the diet of students revealed excessive intake of sodium (32.7% above the norm for girls and 90.9% for boys), phosphorus (25.1% higher for girls and 65.0 % - for boys). Both girls and boys have a significant calcium deficit: 44.5% and 41.1% lower than the normative indices, respectively. When studying the content of microelements in diets, the girls showed a significant iron deficiency (21.7% below the norm). Deficiency of vitamin C (for girls below the norm by 23.2%, in boys - by 15.2%) was identified. The intake of vitamin B2 is somewhat reduced for female students (by 11.2%).
Conclusion. The analysis of the students’ diet revealed a discrepancy with the norms of physiological needs for a number of nutrients. A conceptual medical-pedagogical model aimed at the formation of value orientations towards the healthy lifestyle of students (oriented, among other things, improve the quality of nutrition) has been developed and tested. The analysis of the effectiveness of the medical-pedagogical model is carried out using neural network information technologies that assess the impact of the regime and quality of nutrition on students’ health status.



The consumption of vitamins by the population of working age (on the example of Republic of Tatarstan)
Abstract



METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Effect of professional bleaching on the hygiene of the oral cavity. A randomized controlled study
Abstract
Aim of the study. To evaluate the effect of professional teeth whitening on the level of oral hygiene.
Material and methods. A randomized controlled, prospective clinical trial was conducted in 2 groups of 30 people, in each. In group 1, professional oral hygiene and professional teeth whitening were performed using 25% hydrogen peroxide. In group 2, only professional oral hygiene was performed. Evaluated the dynamics of the hygienic index of Quigley-Hein in the modification of S. Turesky, 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months after the procedure.
Results. 6 months after the start of the study in group 1, the average value of the Quigley-Heine index in the modification of S. Turesky was significantly lower than before the at start of the study (1.24 ± 0.11 and 2.34 ± 0.14 respectively). In group 2, the index value after 6 months exceeded 2.0 and almost returned to the initial level (2.05 ± 0.06 and 2.44 ± 0.08, respectively). During the entire observation period in patients underwent professional teeth whitening, the level of oral hygiene was significantly higher than in the control group.
Conclusion. Professional teeth whitening has a positive effect on the level of oral hygiene and is a significant motivating factor in maintaining oral health.



System of metabolism of drinking water as a methodological basis for the estimation of its mineral composition
Abstract
The physiological-hygienic system of drinking water metabolism is presented. Drinking water was shown to contain seven vital ions and eight organotrophic-obligate chemical elements as major integral components. Vital ions and water molecules are the main components of water-salt metabolism, are involved in all metabolic processes, including energy metabolism and thermoregulation of the body. Organotropic-obligate chemical elements can enter the composition of enzymes and selectively catalyze enzymatic processes. Circulation of water in the body is carried out both via transcorporal and intracorporal cycles, the adjustable by mechanisms of water-salt metabolism regulation. Transcorporal cycle has a direct relationship with the environment, and the intracorporal cycle is an internal medium. Vital ions and organotrophic-obligate chemical elements in drinking water have a range of hygienic norms that is demonstrated on the example of magnesium.



DISCUSSIONS
Risk-oriented approach to the quality assessment of water sources of drinking water supply
Abstract
Introduction. Correct control and assessment of compliance of the composition and properties of drinking water sources with the established safety criteria are necessary conditions for ensuring the quality of life and health of the population in a situation of increasing exposure to chemical factors. Therefore, the most important is to increase the reliability of sanitary and hygienic conclusions.
Material and methods. To achieve the goal of the work, there was used the Bayesian approach, methods for checking data homogeneity and evaluation of the measure of the statistical homogeneity. It is shown that the evaluation by Bayes method, requiring consideration of limiting factors, provides a correct solution to the problem of the implementation of the established sanitary and hygienic requirements. Representation of Bayesian relations in the form of estimates of the mixture of distributions allows taking into account the degree of statistical homogeneity of the combined samples, which significantly expands the scope of the method. Although the samples selected for consideration in the simple case can be considered homogeneous in the examples of the assessment of hygienic safety of water, it turned out that the transition from the binomial distribution law to a more strict normal one reduces the risk of accidental error of the desired conclusion. This provides the researcher with the opportunity to use, depending on the requirements for the accuracy of the assessment, different algorithms of a risk-based approach to the assessment of hygienic safety.
Results. On the example of the study of the water quality in the Verkhny Isetsky Vodokanal recreational area and source of water in Northern part of Ekaterinburg the inclusion of the homogeneity of merged data was shown to allow “forgetting” the earlier information (e.g., 2009) and thus to give more weight to recent data (2010). It is also shown that in this case, the combined estimates with the degree of homogeneity of the data series are not worse than the Bayesian estimates. It is concluded that the lower the degree of uniformity, the faster the above “forgetting” occurs. And the risks of violation of hygienic requirements depend on the choice of the law of distribution of controlled indicators.
Conclusion. There was established the possibility of increasing the reliability of sanitary and hygienic conclusions by correctly combining the latest measurement information with outdated data, taking into account their gradual “forgetting”. The developed methods of the used for this risk-based approach can be widely applied to assess the hygienic safety of the population under the influence of a wide range of chemical factors.



Some problem issues of the modern methodology of health risk assessment (response to the article: Rosenthal O.M., Aleksandrovskaya L.N. Risk-oriented approach to the quality assessment of water sources of drinking water supply)
Abstract
Рассматриваемая статья посвящена главным образом предмету математической статистики, переполнена математическими формулами, большинство из которых можно найти в справочниках и учебниках по статистике, и будет непонятна большинству читателей журнала. Из-за обилия математических формул данная статья явно является непрофильной.



ANNIVERSARY DATES
Six decades of scientific search in the hygiene of children and adolescents
Abstract
60 years of the work of the Scientific and Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health provide an analysis of research directions, their achievements and their use in health care and education. A series of discoveries, basic and applied research in the field of hygiene of children and adolescents, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the children’s population allowed to substantiate the modern system of hygiene and child and adolescent health, prevention of the most common diseases, school-related diseases and conditions, including population and personalized levels, and effective technologies to ensure them. Effective models of medical care for students in educational institutions, the activities of schools that promote health have been developed. Fundamental guidelines have been prepared for physicians on the hygiene of children and adolescents, school medicine, and medical support for students in educational institutions. Primary in the development and improvement of the hygiene of children and adolescents are the following: modernization, re-equipment of material and technical base for research; attracting young, talented and dedicated researchers; ensuring safe life and adaptation of children and adolescents in the context of global digitalization, including safe goods and services for children and adolescents, as part of the new strategy fir the scientific and technological development of the country; constant monitoring of the development of hygienic science and correction of plans for basic and applied research in the field of hygiene and child and adolescent health.


