Extraction of Ti(IV) Ions from Chloride Solutions with the Aliquat 336–Menthol Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent

A. V. Kozhevnikova; Кожевникова А. В.; E. S. Uvarova; Уварова Е. С.; D. V. Lobovich; Лобович Д. В.; N. A. Milevskii; Милевский Н. А.; Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva; Заходяева Ю. А.; A. A. Voshkin; Вошкин А. А.

doi:10.31857/S004035712306012X

Extraction of Ti(IV) Ions from Chloride Solutions with the Aliquat 336–Menthol Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent

Authors: Kozhevnikova A.V.¹, Uvarova E.S.¹^,2, Lobovich D.V.¹, Milevskii N.A.¹, Zakhodyaeva Y.A.¹, Voshkin A.A.¹
Affiliations:
1. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
2. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
Issue: Vol 57, No 6 (2023)
Pages: 631-637
Section: Articles
Published: 01.11.2023
URL: https://ruspoj.com/0040-3571/article/view/652838
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S004035712306012X
EDN: https://elibrary.ru/HGEDXD
ID: 652838

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access
Restricted Access

Access granted
Restricted Access

Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract
About the authors
References
Supplementary files
Statistics

Abstract

Hydrometallurgical methods remain among the most promising for lithium-ion battery recycling, and liquid–liquid extraction is the key step in separating the complex mixture of elements that make up the anode and cathode. The development and complication of the composition of batteries, in particular, the active production of lithium titanate anodes, requires additional research on extraction. The work studied in detail the extraction of Ti(IV) ions with the Aliquat 336–menthol hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent, which was previously successfully used to separate elements from leaching solutions of NMC-type cathodes (LiNiMnCoO2). Data were obtained on the extraction of titanium(IV) ions with varying acidity of the medium, concentration of chloride ions, and concentration of the extractant in the deep eutectic solvent. Based on these data, a mechanism for the extraction of titanium(IV) ions was proposed. Finally, a system for efficient extractant regeneration was proposed. The result of this work can be used to create an extraction
scheme for separating leaching solutions of lithium-ion batteries with a lithium titanate anode.

Keywords

lithium titanate anode, lithium-ion batteries, liquid–liquid extraction, hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent

References

Mohr M., Peters J.F., Baumann M., Weil M. Toward a Cell-chemistry Specific Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Processes // J. Ind. Ecol. 2020. V. 24. P. 1310–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13021
Zen X., Li J., Singh N. Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery: A Critical Review // Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014. V. 44. P. 1129–1165.https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.763578
Winslow K.M., Laux S.J., Townsend T.G. A Review on the Growing Concern and Potential Management Strategies of Waste Lithium-Ion Batteries // Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018. V. 129. P. 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.11.001
Vaalma C., Buchholz D., Weil M., Passerini S. A Cost and Resource Analysis of Sodium-Ion Batteries // Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018. V. 3. P. 18013. https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2018.13
Ferg E.E., Schuldt F., Schmidt J. The Challenges of a Li-Ion Starter Lighting and Ignition Battery: A Review from Cradle to Grave // J. Power. Sources. 2019. V. 423. P. 380–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.063
Kumar B., Srivastava R.R., Barik S.P. Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Titanate Anode Batteries: Leaching Kinetics and Mechanisms, and Life Cycle Impact Assessment // Miner. Eng. 2023. V. 202. P. 108289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108289
Barik S.P., Prabaharan G., Kumar L. Leaching and Separation of Co and Mn from Electrode Materials of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Hydrochloric Acid: Laboratory and Pilot Scale Study // J. Clean. Prod. 2017. V. 147. P. 37–43.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.095
Barik S.P., Prabaharan G., Kumar B. An Innovative Approach to Recover the Metal Values from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries // Waste. Management. 2016. V. 51. P. 222–226.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.004
Gao W., Song J., Cao H., Lin X., Zhang X., Zheng X., Zhang Y., Sun Z. Selective Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries – Process Development and Kinetics Evaluation // J. Clean. Prod. 2018. V. 178. P. 833–845.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.040
Cao J., Su E. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: The New Generation of Green Solvents for Diversified and Colorful Applications in Green Chemistry // J. Clean. Prod. 2021. V. 314. P. 127965.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127965
van Osch D.J.G.P., Zubeir L.F., van den Bruinhorst A., Rocha M.A.A., Kroon M.C. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Water-Immiscible Extractants // Green Chemistry. 2015. V. 17. P. 4518–4521. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01451D
Milevskii N.A., Zinov’eva I.V., Kozhevnikova A.V., Zakhodyaeva Y.A., Voshkin A.A. Sm/Co Magnetic Materials: A Recycling Strategy Using Modifiable Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Trioctylphosphine Oxide // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023. V. 24. P. 14032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814032
Xue K., Fan D., Wang X., Dong Z., Zhu Z., Cui P., Meng F., Wang Y., Qi J. Lithium Extraction from Aqueous Medium Using Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents // J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2023. V. 11. P. 110490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110490
Zinov’eva I.V., Kozhevnikova A.V., Milevskii N.A., Zakhodyaeva Yu.A., Voshkin A.A. Extraction of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Al(III) with the Deep Eutectic Solvent D2EHPA/Menthol // Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 2022. V. 56. P. 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579522020178
Zhu Z., Zhang W., Cheng C.Y. A Literature Review of Titanium Solvent Extraction in Chloride Media // Hydrometallurgy. 2011. V. 105. P. 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.006
Filiz M., Sayar A.A. Extraction of Titanium(IV) from Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Into Alamine 336-M-XYLene Mixtures // Chem. Eng. Commun. 2006. V. 193. P. 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986440500354457
Tang W., Chen X., Zhou T., Duan H., Chen Y., Wang J. Recovery of Ti and Li from Spent Lithium Titanate Cathodes by a Hydrometallurgical Process // Hydrometallurgy. 2014. V. 147–148. P. 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.05.013
Zhu K., Wei Q., Liu K., Li H., Ren X. Design and Combination of Magnetic Ionic Liquids and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Safer Extraction of Titanium: Physicochemical Properties and Toxicity Studies // Green. Chemistry. 2022. V. 24. P. 7481–7491. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC01874H
Kozhevnikova A.V., Zinov’eva I.V., Zakhodyaeva Y.A., Baranovskaya V.B., Voshkin A.A. Application of Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction of Metals from Real Solutions Obtained by Leaching Cathodes from End-of-Life Li-Ion Batteries // Processes. 2022. V. 10. P. 2671. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122671
Milevskii N.A., Zinov’eva I.V., Zakhodyaeva Yu.A., Voshkin A.A. Separation of Li(I), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Fe(III) from Hydrochloric Acid Solution Using a Menthol-Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent // Hydrometallurgy. 2022. V. 207. P. 105777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105777
Коростелев П.П. Фотометрический и Комплексометрический Анализ в Металлургии; Москва, 1984.
Kislik V., Eyal A. Acidity Dependence of Ti(IV) Extraction: A critical Analysis // Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. 1993. V. 11. P. 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299308918155
Sarangi K., Padhan E., Sarma P.V.R.B., Park K.H., Das R.P. Removal/Recovery of Hydrochloric Acid Using Alamine 336, Aliquat 336, TBP and Cyanex 923. Hydrometallurgy. 2006. V. 84. P. 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.063
Mishra R.K., Rout P.C., Sarangi K., Nathsarma K.C. Solvent Extraction of Fe(III) from the Chloride Leach Liquor of Low Grade Iron Ore Tailings Using Aliquat 336 // Hydrometallurgy. 2011. V. 108. P. 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.03.003
Good M.L., Bryan S.E. Extraction of Group VIII Metals by Long Chain Alkyl Amines—II // J. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1961. V. 20. P. 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(61)80471-5
Sarangi K., Padhan E., Sarma P.V.R.B., Park K.H., Das R.P. Removal/Recovery of Hydrochloric Acid Using Alamine 336, Aliquat 336, TBP and Cyanex 923 // Hydrometallurgy. 2006. V. 84. P. 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.063