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No 12 (2024)

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S.A. KUGEL CENTENARY

Personality, scientist, organizer (round table on the scholary heritage of S. A. Kugel)

Ascheulova N.A., Fedorova A.A.

Abstract

The materials of the round table dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the famous Russian sociologist Samuel Aronovich Kugel are presented. S. A. Kugel (1924, Minsk – 2015, St. Petersburg) – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Honored Scientist, one of the first organizers of the sociology of science and science studies in Soviet and Russian sociology. The round table was held on October 30–31, 2024 at the St. Petersburg branch of the S. I. Vavilov Institute of the History of Natural Sciences and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was attended by colleagues, friends, and students of S. A. Kugel. The key aspects of the scientist’s scholary heritage were discussed, including his contribution to the sociology of science and technology, the study of the professional structure of scientific personnel, as well as his organizational activities, in particular the creation of a sociological and scientific center in Leningrad. Attention was paid to S. A. Kugel’s international academic relations and his role in the development of the sociological community in the USSR and Russia. The memoirs are presented, the characteristics of his personality are given, including his attention to perpetuating the memory of the Great Patriotic War.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):3-12
pages 3-12 views

SOCIAL REALITIES: THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES

Expansion of artificial intelligence: expectations and attitudes of citizen

Levashov V.K., Grebnyak O.V.

Abstract

Interest in artificial intelligence and specifically in neural networks is not declining in society, but there is a noticeable change in the emphasis that attracts the attention of Russians. Mass availability and vast opportunities initially gave rise to fears about the displacement of ‘live’ labour force from the labour market and mass replacement by artificial intelligence in all easily algorithmised industries. Changes in the labour market have indeed occurred, but these changes, as well as user experimentation with neural networks, have brought new concerns to the forefront. Based on data from the annual monitoring of permanent and current socio-political indicators conducted by the Institute of Socio-Political Research of FCTAS RAS, as well as other available generative artificial intelligence research, the authors trace the social sentiment associated with the mass adoption and use of artificial intelligence and neural networks. Data from June 2024 shows that concerns about employment have been replaced by fears about the penetration of digital reality into social reality in the form of misinformation, scams, spoofs and dipfakes. The change in the information agenda has not reduced the level of citizens’ anxiety and requires attention from researchers.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):13-23
pages 13-23 views

Russian discourses on technological sovereignty (evidence from expert survey)

Kapoguzov E.A., Pakhalov A.M., Sheresheva M.Y.

Abstract

The article discusses approaches to the sociological understanding of the concept of “technological sovereignty”, which is one of Russia’s political priorities against the background of sanctions pressure and the evolution of the modern world system towards increasing polycentrism. A systematic review of European and Russian research papers and official documents demonstrates a sharp increase in interest in the topic of technological sovereignty over the past decade, despite significant differences in the definition of this term. The empirical part of the study is based on the content analysis of interviews conducted by the authors (N = 25) with leading Russian academic experts and practitioners. Based on the analysis of interviews, key narratives (elements of perception) of the essence and mechanisms of ensuring technological sovereignty are identified. It was found that among domestic experts, the predominant attitude is to increase national control over key technologies while maintaining international economic ties. When discussing Russia’s technological independence, experts go beyond the securitization discourse that dominates official documents to a discourse of increasing competitive advantages and efficiency. The experts surveyed believe that China’s experience of achieving technological sovereignty is generally more successful than Russia’s, but the experts remain sceptical about the possibility of implementing China’s experience in Russia.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):24-37
pages 24-37 views

INTERVIEW

“Sociology gains considerable success as it realizes the experience of total failure” (last interview with Franco Ferrarotti)

Romanovskiy N.V.

Abstract

In this interview with Franco Ferrarotti, our magazine discusses the meaning of sociology and its interpretative essence, showing that it cannot be a science about society in general, rather it tries to explain the interdependence of its various aspects, representing the discovery and collection of interpretations. Professor Ferrarotti raises topical questions about interdisciplinarity and the establishment of post-disciplinary social research. Professor reflects on the loss of the transcendent meaning of meta-human value in a market society, because it is it that there appears gives meaning to human coexistence. He associates the development of digitalization with the fact that a person of the digital future in whom the traditional logic of books and reading is replaced by an alternative one – audiovisual logic, which allows the emotional to prevail over the reasonable, changing communication to continuous externalization. These reflections on society provide the basis for raising questions about the future and the role of sociology in it.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):38-43
pages 38-43 views

DEMOGRAPHY. MIGRATIONS

Central Asian migrants at the Russian labor market during and after pandemic

Mukomel V.I.

Abstract

The processes of adaptation of Central Asian labor migrants to the transformations in the Russian labor market during the pandemic and after its end are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the latter period, when foreign workers were forced to adapt to extraordinary changes in the labor market as a result of foreign policy sanctions after February 2022 and the resulting reduction in the labor force after the start of the military operation. During the pandemic, migrants adapted to the transformations of the Russian labor market, not seeking to leave the Russian labor market, hoping for a quick return to jobs despite lockdowns and mass layoffs, which they managed after the first wave of the pandemic. The vertical and intersectoral mobility of Central Asian migrants is analyzed. The achievements of migrants from Central Asian countries (diversification of economic activities, reduction of the wage gap with Russian citizens, improvement of working conditions and transformation of relations with employers) were largely due to their high mobility during the pandemic. Serious problems of the Russian labor market remain its segmentation with the accompanying overqualification, underutilization of human capital, discriminatory practices limiting access to specific types of economic activity. The article is based on sociological surveys of labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan conducted in 2020–2023.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):44-59
pages 44-59 views

Educational and labor migrants from post-Soviet countries: adaptation in Russian society and integration attitudes

Endryushko A.A.

Abstract

The article offers a comparative analysis of adaptation in Russian society and integration attitudes of two external migrants groups: educational and young working (aged 16–30). Based on the three (2017, 2020, 2023) sociological surveys data of foreign citizens from post-Soviet states, the author examines socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects of adaptation in Russian society of educational and labor migrants comparing their integration attitudes, which imply not only the desire to stay living in Russia, but also the search for common ground between their native culture and the culture of the host society. It is shown that according to a number of indicators (the main being a good knowledge of the Russian language), educational migrants adapt better to the host society than working foreign youth. They also have longer-term plans in Russia, and their intentions go beyond superficial adaptation. At the same time, having social capital, they are more demanding for the social environment that surrounds them in the new society. Their plans may be more flexible and situational than those of labor migrants, including reorientation towards other countries.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):60-73
pages 60-73 views

SOCIAL STRUCTURE. SOCIAL POLICY

Subjective stratification of Russian society: dynamics and specifics

Kolennikova N.D.

Abstract

The article shows that during the last “crisis” decade some changes have occurred in the subjective social structure of Russian society. They are associated with the growing number of subjective upper strata. A significant increase was also recorded in the assessments of their previous status and the status of the parental family as high. The status claims of Russians are also increasing. However, despite these changes, Russian society remains a society of mass subjective middle strata. The high role of life goals related to getting a prestigious job, good earnings, as well as career and educational prospects for assessing one’s own status position and for status reproduction was also noted. Special attention is focused on the high significance of the educational status of parental families. The property differences of status groups and some characteristics of the lifestyle of their members are analyzed. They testify to the relatively favorable situation of the upper strata and subjective middle strata in comparison with the subjective lower strata and the transition group. The main empirical base was the data of the 15th wave of the monitoring study of the Institute of Sociology of the FCTAS RAS, conducted in 2024.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):74-87
pages 74-87 views

Russians between futuroshock and futuroeuphoria (perception of the future in the context of ideological preferences)

Latov Y.V.

Abstract

Based on representative data of all-Russian surveys of the the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center in the 2000–2020s the paper reveals dynamics of indicators characterizing the prevalence of fear of the future (futuroshock) and the opposite confidence in a good future (futuroeuphoria), while also testing hypotheses about the relationship of these feelings with ideological preferences. Empirical data show that the problem of fear for the future, though not acute (this fear is inherent in about a quarter of Russians in the 2020s), but it definitely exists. The most alarming sign is growing fear of an uncertain future over the past decade. In addition, as analysis based on data for 2023 showed, the prevalence of futuro-shock and futuro-euphoric feelings is markedly related to adherence to different ideologies. Supporters of conservatism and sovereignty often show confidence in the future, but less often fear and despair of it, while adherents of socialist and Russian-nationalist values do the opposite. The gaps formed are not too large (no more than 10 percentage points), but are comparable to those gaps in the corresponding indicators that are formed under the influence of settlement differences.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):88-101
pages 88-101 views

SOCIOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

“Society of trauma”: public perceptions, hopes and fears in the Armenian society after the Karabakh war

Atanesyan A.V., Anikin V.A.

Abstract

The article attempts to characterize Armenian society in the aftermath of the Karabakh War as a “society of trauma.” The topic and its conceptual deliberation in frames of the “society of trauma”, or a “traumatic society”, is applicable to those modern societies living in conditions and after prolonged armed conflicts. Conducted between October and December 2023, the study utilized in-depth interviews with individuals across different age groups and regions, expert interviews with professionals, and analysis of previous sociological studies. The study aims to uncover deep-seated value judgments regarding societal transformations before and after the war, factors influencing these shifts, the impact of ruling elites and foreign actors on Armenian domestic and foreign policy, and the overall dynamics of Armenian post-conflict society. Findings reveal a society grappling with declining trust in government institutions, pessimism about the future, nostalgia for the past, political apathy, and a reshaping of collective memory. The term “society of trauma” encapsulates these significant characteristics, reflecting the enduring impact of the conflict [1].

 

[1] The authors thank G. Poghosyan and D. Bdoyan for supporting the field research.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):102-114
pages 102-114 views

Outer space as a platform for geopolitical cooperation and interaction: a case-study of China and Russia’s relations with other global powers

Wang J., Kuleshova N.S.

Abstract

In the context of modern political development, the space policies of certain states are becoming increasingly autonomous and politically driven, playing a significant role in shaping a new world order. Advances in science and technology have broadened the scope of participation in outer space activities, incorporating not only state actors but also private enterprises, thereby introducing additional challenges and complexities. Analyzing the actions and competition among the major space actors reveals the emergence of a new space order, where space exploration serves as both a strategic asset and a practical tool of foreign policy. This study focuses on space as a domain of political interaction among states in the era of globalization. Using a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, the research identifies key issues on the global space agenda and examines the dynamics of state interactions as a foundation for achieving stability in both outer space and the broader geopolitical landscape. The study analyzes the space programs of leading nations, including the United States, China, and Russia, highlighting the dual dynamics of cooperation and competition. Additionally, it explores the efforts of advanced space powers to involve developing countries in space activities. Through cluster analysis, the study classifies the world’s key spacefaring nations into three groups: the United States (the undisputed leader in the space industry); China and Russia (key competitors and strategic partners of the U.S.); and a group including India, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and South Korea (countries without independent human spaceflight capabilities). Importantly, many space powers prioritize achieving global military-political objectives through their space programs. The study also highlights a new type of cooperation between the Russian Federation and China, suggesting the emergence of a “new center of space power”. This partnership, characterized by initiatives such as the integration of satellite navigation systems (GLONASS and Beidou), the construction of an international lunar research base, and plans for a joint space station in low Earth orbit, underscores significant opportunities for collaborative scientific endeavors. While the traditional U.S.-Russia partnership has been a major factor in space politics, the current geopolitical climate signals a decline in this cooperation, paving the way for stronger Sino-Russian collaboration.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):115-124
pages 115-124 views

ANNYVERSARY

Popkov Yu.V. is 70!

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):125-125
pages 125-125 views

The future is not only in the present but also in the past: once again about the subject of ethnosociology

Popkov Y.V.

Abstract

The author defends the idea of an important role of domestic ethnology research traditions in preserving and developing ethnosociology as an independent scientific direction. Author builds on the conclusions of his previous article [Popkov, 2024], in which he presented a crisis diagnosis on the state of affairs in ethnosociology and the threat to it in connection with the anthropological revolution in domestic ethnological science. The definition of the strategic ethnosociology prospects is linked to the solution of a fundamental problem for it – of defining its special subject-problem field. In this context, the author develops some provisions of the ethnosociology founders and the achievements of the Novosibirsk ethnosociological school. On this basis, he substantiates an understanding of ethnosocial processes as a complex, generalized subject of ethnosociology. He argues that these processes themselves are a stable-dynamic system of reflexive interaction and development of ethnosocial subjects as a unity of stability and variability, dialectics of the objective and subjective, material and spiritual, real and virtual, taking into account the identification strategies of subjects and the impact of network structures. Such presentation allows to highlight specificity of ethnosociology in relation not only to anthropology, but also to a number of other disciplines about peoples.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):126-137
pages 126-137 views

DISCISSION. POLEMICS

Reference societies and societal security shocks in Russia

Karacharovskiy V.V.

Abstract

The article develops a hypothesis about the gravitational nature of societal security shocks as the phenomena of destabilizating the value core of societies because of critical changes at their geographical and cultural “borders”. The category of “reference countries/societies” is introduced, the gap in the results of development with which leads to the loss of legitimacy of the path of development chosen by society. The societal security level of Russia is assessed basing on GDP per capita and HDI difference with the groups of countries historically and geopolitically connected with Russia (the “West World”, the former “Socialist Bloc”, the countries of the former USSR, the countries of the EAEU, BRICS and SCO). The difference of these indicators is adjusted to the Russians’ interest to the countries. Then the gravity model of Russians’ interest to other countries is estimated, using as the indicator of interest the statistics of Internet queries on Google Trends and Yandex Wordstat, and as an indicator of the distance the “cultural distance” between the countries, calculated basing on Hofstede’s indices. It is shown that the level of social security for Russia is maximal in relation to the SCO countries and minimal in relation to the “West World” countries. Herewith Russian’s interest is strongest for the group of geopolitical rivals (the “West World”) and is moderate for the friendly countries (BRICS and SCO). The marginal interest in countries monotonically decreases with the growth of tourist flows to them (as a proxy-variable of saturation of information or experience about them). Finally, the inverse dependence of Russians’ interest for countries on their “cultural distance” with Russia in the “West World” – “Global South” – other countries’ system is demonstrated.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):138-149
pages 138-149 views

ACADEMIC EVENTS

pages 150-152 views

About the XV Ural demographic forum

Neklyudova N.P., Pyshmintseva O.A.
Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):152-153
pages 152-153 views

IN MEMORIAM

Smakotina N.L.

Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2024;(12):154-154
pages 154-154 views