First Investigations of Benthic Soft-walled Foraminifera and Gromiids (Protozoa) in the northwestern Sea of Japan

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Abstract

The taxonomic and quantitative composition of the meiobenthos, with an emphasis on foraminifera and gromiids were studied on the coast of Primorsky Region, northwestern part of the Sea of Japan, at water depths of 0.3–86.0 m. The Protozoa were evaluated for the first time in this region as a component of the meiobenthic communities. The protozoa are represented by four morpho-ecological groups: Ciliophora (free-moving and epibionts), both hard-shelled and soft-walled Foraminifera, and Cercozoa (class Gromiidea). The total abundance of the meiobenthos varied from 32 500 to 2 107 500 ind./m2. The presence of Protozoa was extremely variable. They were completely absent (station 62) and reached a maximum 155 000 ind./m2 (station 42). Among the protozoans, soft-walled foraminifers (SWF) and gromiids (GR) dominated. GRs accounted for up to 51–85% of the abundance of the total protozoa at some stations inPeter the Great Bay. At other stations, SWFs prevailed and reached 93–100% of the total protozoa. The most numerous hard-shelled (HSF) foraminifers and ciliates (CL) were obtained in the Vladimir Bay and at individual stations off the eastern coast of Primorsky Region. Brief descriptions with illustrations are given for 45 representatives of the SWF belonging to the families Allogromiidae and Saccamminidae, of which 22 of them are identified to the species or genus level, and 23 morphotypes are identified to the family level. The gromiid fauna is represented by six morphotypes.

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About the authors

N. G. Sergeeva

Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: nserg05@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3984-0918
Russian Federation, Sevastopol

O. V. Anikeeva

Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: nserg05@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4497-1901
Russian Federation, Sevastopol

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Location of bottom sediment sampling stations in the study area in the north-western part of the Sea of Japan

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3. Fig. 2. Quantitative distribution of two components of meiobenthos - Protozoa and Metazoa in the Sea of Japan off Primorsky Krai. a - settlement density of Protozoa and Metazoa; b - ratio of four morphoecological groups: Ciliophora (INF), Foraminifera with soft (MRF) and hard (TRF) shells, and Gromiida (GR) in protozoan taxocenoses at different stations

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4. Fig. 3. Representatives of the genus Psammophaga: a-c - Psammophaga cf. simplora; d - Psammophaga sp. 2J; e - Psammophaga sp. 4J; f-h - Psammophaga sp. 3J. f - general view, g - anterior part of the specimen containing diatom algae, h - posterior part of the specimen filled with mineral particles

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5. Fig. 4. Representatives of the family Saccamminidae: a, b - Saccamminid sp. 1J (a - general view, b - aperture); c - Saccamminid sp. 2J; d - Saccamminid sp. 3J; e - Saccamminid sp. 4J; f, g - Saccamminid sp. 5J (e - general view, g - aperture); h-l - Saccamminid sp. 6J (h - general view, i - aperture embedded in detritus, k - posterior margin, l - nucleus in posterior part); m-o - Saccamminid sp. 7 (m - general view, n, o - apertures); p-c - Saccamminid sp. 8J (p - general view, p - nucleus, c - part of cytoplasm near aperture)

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6. Fig. 5. Representatives of four genera of foraminifera with soft shells: a - Vellaria-like sp. 3J; b - Vellaria cf. pellucida; c - Vellaria cf. sacculus; d - Vellaria with honeycombed cytoplasm; e - Vellaria pellucida; f - Vellaria-like sp. 2J; g-i - Micrometula sp. 1J (g - general view, h - aperture, i - nucleus); j, l - Goodayia cf. rostellata (j - general view, l - aperture, i - nucleus); k, l - Goodayia cf. rostellata (k - general view, l - aperture). 1J (g - general view, h - aperture, i - nucleus); k, l - Goodayia cf. rostellata (k - general view, l - aperture); m-o - Goodayia sp. 1J (m - general view, n - aperture, o - posterior part with nucleus); p, r - Goodayia sp. 2J (p - general view; p - aperture); s, t - Psammosphaeridae g. spp. 1J (c - general view, t - nucleus)

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7. Fig. 6. Representatives of the genus Nemogullmia: a - Nemogullmia sp. 1J; b, c - Nemogullmia sp. 3J (b - general view, c - middle part with longitudinal nucleus); d, e - Nemogullmia sp. 2J (d - general view, e - aperture); f-h - Nemogullmia sp. 4J (f - general view, g, h - apertures)

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8. Fig. 7. Representatives of the genus Tinogullmia: a - Tinogullmia sp. 1J; b-d - Tinogullmia sp. 2J (b - general view; c, d - apertures; e - nucleus); f-j - Tinogullmia sp. 3J, general view of two different specimens; h-l - Tinogullmia sp. 4J (h - general view; i - nucleus; k, l - apertures)

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9. Fig. 8. Representatives of the family Allogromiidae: a - Allogromiid sp. 1J; b - Allogromiid sp. 2J; c - Allogromiid sp. 5J; gzh - Allogromiid sp. 3J (d - general view, e - nucleus, f, g - apertures); h, i - Allogromiid sp. 4J (h - general view, i - aperture); k, l - Allogromiid sp. 6J (k - general view, l - aperture)

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10. Fig. 9. Representatives of the family Allogromiidae: a, b - Allogromiid sp. 7J (a - general view, b - aperture); c, d - Allogromiid sp. 8J (c - general view, d - aperture); e, f - Allogromiid sp. 9J (e - general view, f - aperture); g - Allogromiid sp. 11J; h-l - Allogromiid sp. 12J (h - general view, i - posterior part of the cell, k - aperture, l - nucleus); m, n - Allogromiid sp. 13J (m - general view, n - aperture); o-c - Allogromiid sp. 14J (o - general view, p - nucleus, p, s - apertures); t - Allogromiid sp. 10J

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11. ig. 10. Representatives of the genus Gromia: a - Gromia sp. 1J; b - Gromia sp. 2J; c, d - Gromia sp. 3J (c - general view, d - aperture); e, f - Gromia sp. 4J (e - general view, f - aperture); g, h - Gromia sp. 5J (g - general view, h - aperture); i-l - Gromia sp. 6J (i - general view, j - aperture, l - part of the shell with cytoplasm)

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