Features of laser-induced thermocavitation of water

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The article examines the features of thermocavitation of water near the fiber tip when it is heated by continuous laser radiation with a wavelength of 1.94 μm. Dynamic processes were studied by optical and acoustic methods. It has been established that pressure pulses in the initial section of thermocavitation, associated with the explosive boiling of water, are significantly smaller compared to pressure pulses during the collapse of the vapor-gas bubbles. The spectrum of the generated acoustic signal extends over 10 MHz, while the spectral distributions of the lowest frequency and highest frequency fluctuations are described by the 1/f law. It has been shown that the peak powers of pressure pulses in individual acts of thermocavitation are related to their repetition rates by the dependence ~1/f^1.4. Wavelet analysis showed that during thermocavitation an alternation of “random” and “cascade” processes is observed. In a special acoustic experiment, it was found that at the initial stage of thermocavitation, the pressure rise occurs within approximately 250 ns. The relatively long increase in pressure is explained by the fact that explosive boiling occurs at many points in the volume of superheated liquid, and the chain reaction of the sequential appearance of critical nuclei is associated with the propagation of shock waves.

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V. Yusupov

National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: iouss@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, 123182, Moscow, pl. Academika Kurchatova, 1

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2. Fig. 1. (a) – Configuration of the setup for studying thermal cavitation under continuous laser action. (b) – Photograph of the fiber end with a probe beam. (c) – High-speed shooting frames with the formation and collapse of a bubble at the fiber end as a result of thermal cavitation. 1 – laser, 2 – optical fiber, 3 – cuvette with water, 4 – broadband hydrophone, 5 – needle hydrophone, 6 – preamplifier, 7 – oscilloscope, 8 – high-speed camera, 9 – PC, 10 – helium-neon laser, 11 – focusing lens, 12 – probe beam, 13 – photodiode, 14 – bubble.

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3. Fig. 2. Dynamics of the power of the test beam of a helium-neon laser during thermal cavitation events with P = 3 W. (a) – A series of thermal cavitation events. (b) – A fragment of the signal during the registration of the first event. (c) – A detailed recording of the section with a fluctuating signal, outlined in Fig. 2a by a red dotted ellipse.

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4. Fig. 3. (a) – Acoustic signal recorded by hydrophone 8103 during laser heating of water with P = 1.3 W, (b) – its detailed fragment, marked in Fig. 3a by a red dotted rectangle, and (c) – spectral power density. The red arrow marks the maximum peak in the region of 4.5 kHz. The dotted lines show the 1/f and 1/f 2 dependencies.

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5. Fig. 4. (a) – Power of the acoustic signal recorded using a broadband hydrophone 8103 during laser heating of water with P = 1.3 W, (b) – distribution of peak powers during thermal cavitation events by their repetition frequencies and (c) – waveletogram of the power. The first thermal cavitation event is marked with a red arrow. The “tree-like” structure is marked with a blue arrow in Fig. 4c. The 1/f and 1/f 2 dependencies and the 1/f 1.4 trend are shown by dotted lines. The inset in Fig. 4b shows a histogram of the distribution of thermal cavitation events by peak powers.

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6. Fig. 5. Comparison of (a) high-speed shooting frames with (b) the acoustic signal recorded using a broadband hydrophone 8103, and (c) the signal from a photodiode during one act of thermal cavitation during laser heating of water with P = 3 W. The red curve in Fig. 5b is a part of the acoustic signal, increased in amplitude by 10 times.

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7. Fig. 6. (a) – Acoustic signal recorded using a needle hydrophone during laser heating of water with P = 3 W, (b) – detailed fragment with the most powerful pulse, marked in Fig. 6a by the red arrow, and (c) – spectral power density. The dotted lines show the 1/f and 1/f 2 dependences. The red arrows on the spectrum mark the maximum peaks in the region of 5.3 and 10 MHz.

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8. Fig. 7. Acoustic signal recorded using a needle hydrophone located coaxially at a distance of 1.5 mm from the end of the laser fiber. (a) – Acoustic signal, (b) – detailed fragment of the initial section marked with a red arrow in Fig. 6a, (c) – detailed view of the initial pulse marked with a red arrow in Fig. 6b. P = 3 W.

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9. Fig. 8. (a) – Schematic diagram of a special acoustic experiment, (b) – possible trajectories of propagation of shock and acoustic waves, and (c) – schematic representation of the initial processes during thermal cavitation. 1 – laser fiber, 2 – needle hydrophone, 3 – region with superheated water, 4, 5, 7 – trajectories, 6 – region with explosive boiling initiated by a shock wave, 7 – microbubbles filled with compressed steam and microdroplets of water formed during the decomposition of a metastable liquid. Fig. 8b conditionally shows a shock wave with a pressure jump ΔP.

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