Comparative phylogeography of vicariant species of the Daphnia longispina s.lat. complex (Crustacea: Cladocera) in North Eurasia

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Abstract

This study presents new data on population-genetic polymorphism, phylogeny and phylogeography of two vicariant species belonging to the Daphnia longispina s.lat. complex (Crustacea: Cladocera) in northern Eurasia, D. longispina s.str. and D. dentifera. Based on the variability of the fragments of non-coding 12S rRNA and the protein coding ND2 genes of mitochondrial DNA, the demographic processes that took place in populations of this vast region have been reconstructed. The previously suggested hypothesis about the different demographic history of the “Siberian” and “European” D. longispina s.str. clades has not been confirmed, since we first revealed a deep mitochondrial divergence within the “Siberian” clade. Moreover, a new divergent lineage of D. longispina s.str. in Siberia has been identified. Nevertheless, the phylogeographic patterns of D. longispina s.str. and D. dentifera in northern Eurasia confirm the earlier conclusion that repeated, combined effects on their populations of dispersion and vicariate events occurred in different phases of the Pleistocene.

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About the authors

E. I. Zuykova

Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and oceanography”

Author for correspondence.
Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Saint Petersburg

L. P. Sleptzova

Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk

N. A. Bochkarev

Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Saint Petersburg branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and oceanography”

Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; Saint Petersburg

E. S. Zakharov

Federal State Autonomus Education Institute of Higher Education "M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University"

Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Yakutsk

N. N. Zakharova

Federal State Autonomus Education Institute of Higher Education "M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University"

Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Yakutsk

A. A. Kotov

A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: zuykova1064@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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3. Fig. 1. ML phylogenetic tree for D. longispina s.str. and D. dentifera based on the combined fragments of the 12S and ND2 genes of mitochondrial DNA. Bootstrap branch support values ​​greater than 70% are shown. Newly obtained nucleotide sequences are marked with an asterisk; color fill indicates a new lineage of D. longispina s.str. Scale bar is the number of expected substitutions per site. YAK – Yakutia; BAI – Lake Baikal basin; Y_KR – Krasnoyarsk krai; TOD – Todzhinskaya depression; DOD – Lake Dodot; AR – Altai Republic; ART – Lake Teletskoye; OB – Altai krai; ZDV – village of Zdvinsk (Novosibirsk oblast); BRB – city of Barabinsk (Novosibirsk oblast).

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4. Fig. 2. Graphs of matrices of pairwise FST distances between populations of D. longispina s.str. (a – 12S; b – ND2) and D. dentifera (c – 12S; d – ND2). Abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Additionally, for D. longispina s.str.: EVEN – Evenkia; KHA – Khakassia; Republic of Tuva (central part); MONG – Mongolia; YAMN – Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; TYU – Tyumen region; UR – Urals; for D. dentifera: KAM – Kamchatka; YAK – Yakutia, Churapchinsky ulus; YAKOIM – Yakutia, Oymyakonsky ulus; BAISK – Lake Sredneye Kedrovoe (Lake Baikal basin); BAISM – Lake. Sagan Moryan (Lake Baikal basin).

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5. Fig. 3. Graphs of the haplotype frequency distribution (MMD) for the spatial distribution model of Siberian populations of D. longispina s.str. (a, b) and D. dentifera (c, d) based on fragments of the 12S (a, c) and ND2 (b, d) genes of mitochondrial DNA. 1 – observed distribution; 2 – expected distribution; 3 – 95% confidence interval.

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6. Fig. 4. Median joint (MJ) of 12S haplotypes of D. longispina s.str. (a) and their geographic distribution: b – “Siberian” clade, c – “European” clade. Abbreviations as in Figs. 1 and 2; YAK1 – Yakutia, Churapchinsky ulus, YAK2 – Yakutia, Nyurba ulus. The size of the circles corresponds to the relative frequency of haplotypes; small black circles are median vectors; the number of mutations is indicated for each branch if it is ≠1.

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7. Fig. 5. Median joint (MJ) of ND2 haplotypes of D. longispina s.str. (a) and their geographic distribution (b). Abbreviations as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4.

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8. Fig. 6. Median network (MJ, a) of 12S haplotypes of D. dentifera (a) and their geographic distribution (b). Abbreviations as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4; KUZ – Lake Kuznechikha (Lake Baikal basin).

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9. Fig. 7. Median joint (MJ) of ND2 haplotypes of D. dentifera (a) and their geographic distribution (b). Abbreviations as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 6.

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