Effect of weather conditions during post-diapause development of black-veined white aporia crataegi l. (lepidoptera: pieridae) on the variation of wing venation

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Abstract

Abstract – The work studied the effects of air temperature and precipitation during the post-diapause development of preimaginal stages, as well as wing size, on the occurrence of deviations from normal wing venation in Aporia crataegi. Samples collected from a natural population in the southern Sverdlovsk region from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed. The occurrence of wing venation abnormalities was shown to be depend on weather conditions during the development of larvae and pupae in spring, as well as the size of the adults. Some variants were more frequent in years with cold and rainy springs, while the occurrence of others was not dependent on the weather. Certain wing venation abnormalities were more common in small adults, while others were more common in larger individuals. The results obtained indicate a variable degree of canalization and sensitivity of wing vein development in Aporia crataegi to the effects of environmental factors.

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I. А. Solonkin

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: igorsolonkin@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg

E. Yu. Zakharova

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: igorsolonkin@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg

А. О. Shkurikhin

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: igorsolonkin@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg

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2. Fig. 1. Scheme of placing marks and searching for venation abnormalities on the wings of the hawthorn. Black dots indicate the boundaries of the analyzed veins, red crosses are the places of placing marks, Arabic numerals are the numbers of the wing cells. Dashed lines highlight the veins excluded from the analysis. Lowercase letters indicate individual sections of the veins: a - radial stem (R stem); b - distal part of the radial stem (R1–М1+R(4+5)); c - vein M2–М1+R(4+5); d - vein М1+R(4+5); e - vein R(4+5); f - cubital stem (Cu stem); g - distal part of the cubital stem (Cu1–M3).

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3. Fig. 2. The main types of venation disorders in the hawthorn wing: a–c – additional branching of the veins (type I): a – the additional branch is directed toward the anterior margin of the wing, b – the additional branch is directed toward the posterior margin of the wing, c – both branching branches are equally developed, it is impossible to distinguish between the main and additional; g – additional veins located inside the wing cells (type II); d – cases of reduction of veins normally present (type III); e – fusion of veins normally present (type IV). Rectangles indicate the location of the corresponding venation disorders.

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4. Fig. 3. Abnormalities of venation of the hawthorn butterfly wings associated with incomplete fusion of the medial vein M1 and radial R(4+5) (type V): a – venation of the wings of white butterflies at the pupal stage [61]: vein M1 (highlighted in red) is not fused with vein R(4+5) and departs from the medial trunk; b – normal venation of the imago of the hawthorn butterfly: veins M1 and R(4+5) form a single vein M1+R(4+5) (its boundaries are indicated by black dots); c–d – schematic images of venation abnormalities associated with incomplete fusion of veins M1 and R(4+5); f–h – examples of corresponding venation abnormalities.

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5. Fig. 4. The incidence of venation defects in the wing of the hawthorn moth depending on the area of ​​the forewing (a), air temperature (b) and the amount of precipitation (c) during the development of preimaginal stages in spring. In the two lower graphs, the size of the circles is proportional to the proportion of individuals with a given number of venation defects in the sample for the year. Males are marked in blue, females in red.

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6. Fig. 5. Regression coefficients (± 95% confidence intervals) characterizing the effect of the forewing area (a), air temperature (b) and precipitation amount (c) during postdiapause development of the hawthorn on the occurrence of individual variants of wing venation disorders. Names of venation disorder variants: F – forewing, H – hindwing; cell numbers and vein names are given in accordance with Fig. 1. Roman numerals (I–V) indicate the type of venation disorder, Arabic numerals (1–3) – the subtype. Males are marked in blue, females – in red; * – regression coefficients significantly (p < 0.05) differ from zero, taking into account the Benjamin–Hochberg correction.

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