卷 60, 编号 2 (2024)

The second part of the article is devoted to some economic aspects of the activity of academic institutions involved not only in the production of knowledge, but also in its proliferation. The leading role in this process belongs to scientific journals, which represent the main channel of knowledge dissemination. The article substantiates the special type of costs of such journals, related to the payment of royalties as a fee for obtaining the rights to print and distribute the author’s texts in the form of journal articles, as well as a known part of the publisher’s costs due to the payment for reviewers’ labor, which is the most important element of journal production. It is shown that under the current conditions, journals, as a rule, do not have funds to pay for reviewing and royalties. Gradually, “free” assignment of copyright became the norm in the system of knowledge dissemination, with the negative consequences of the appearance of journals that charge authors for the publication of their texts. Taking this into account, the peculiarities of financing the production of knowledge, which acts as a public good, as well as the dissemination of knowledge in the form of journal publications, which requires public funding in the form of meritorious budget subsidies, are considered. The proposed recommendations apply not only to the state financing of production and dissemination of knowledge, but also to the implementation of the necessary institutional reforms to restore the status of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a self-governing organization of civil society with the return of all scientific institutions to its fold.

Reducing the capital intensity of production makes possible to maintain economic growth at a low rate of capital accumulation. However, the relationship between the development of the knowledge economy and the dynamics of capital intensity is complex. In some periods it is positive, in others it is negative. It is acceptable to analyze the capital intensity paradox by analogy with the productivity paradox (Solow’s paradox). To identify how the paradox of capital intensity can be formed, the article builds up mathematical model of updating the technological base of production. The peculiarity of the model is both its multiphase nature and the differentiation of investments in current production, in basic research, and in applied developments. Logistic functions are used to describe the field of basic research and the field of production. Such functions allow us to take into account the existence of a positive scale effect in these areas and the fact that it persists only up to a certain amount of resources used. The model shows not only the alternation of long waves of technological development, but also the overlapping of waves on each other. An important feature of this model is: the change of phases of development is based on a certain economic logic, and is not set exogenously. An illustrative calculation based on the model was performed, as a result of which the trajectory of changes in the capital intensity of production was obtained. The configuration of this trajectory is close to how the capital intensity of production in the US economy really changed in the period 1960–2022. The proposed model demonstrates the connection of the capital intensity paradox with the periodic updating of general-purpose technologies, with the Kondratiev waves generated by these updates.

Today, economic development is inseparably linked with global environmental problems. So, the search for their solutions without adverse influence on economic growth became relevant. The energy transition can ambiguously affect the pace and dynamics of economic growth. The purpose of this work is to identify the influence of the dynamics of investment in renewable energy on economic growth for groups of developed and developing countries and verification of the following hypotheses: for developing countries, the growth of investments in the renewable energy stimulates economic growth. For developed countries, the growth of investments in the renewable energy inhibits economic growth. Research results: with an increase in the share of income invested in the capital of renewable energy by 1% in developed countries the rate of economic growth will decrease by 0.0001%; while in developing countries — will increase by 0.0001%. The indicated reduction in the rate of economic growth for developed countries can be considered as a “payment” for the preference of the future state of ecology before the current receipt of additional release. As for developing countries, the energy transition positively affects the pace of economic growth. The fourth energy transition is a solution for global environmental problems caused by the CO2 emissions. The fourth energy transition based on the expansion of renewable energy sources and the displacement of fossil fuel is necessary since it is important for sustainable development of current and future generations.

To calculate the demographic load factor in this work, the forecasting of the working-age population of Russia was carried using the polynomial regression equation of the fourth degree with an accuracy of 0.227% and forecasting the number of people older than working age using the Verhulst equation (prediction accuracy of 1.084%) for the period from 2023 to 2031 (9 years). An economic and mathematical model was developed for calculating pension income and expenses for the implementation of individual (personalized) pension accounts of citizens and a stress analysis of the model was carried out based on an assessment of the impact of the pension contribution rate, average monthly salary, average investment income rate for transactions with pension funds of citizens (rate of return) and growth rates salaries, ensuring a balance between pension income and pension expenses of citizens. The practical implementation of the developed economic and mathematical model shows that the minimum value of the rate of return, ensuring balance between pension income and pension expenses of citizens, is 1.408%. The minimum average monthly salary is 22,949.39 rubles; the contribution rate to the Pension fund is estimated at 18.813%.

Currently the country’s manufacturing industries form 16% of GDP, about 10 million people work there. In the new economic realities, the outstripping growth of the manufacturing industry is the main task for the Russian economy. The aim of our study was to determine the prospects for the development of different types of manufacturing industries in the Republic of Bashkortostan, based on the definition of specialization, localization of production, level of significance (national and local) and technological development. Methods of comparative, structural-logical, economic-statistical analysis, econometric modeling were used to evaluate the factual material and build a forecast. To determine the specialization of the territory, methods for assessing the localization and specialization of industries were used. 1. The analysis and forecast of the development of the leading and having the potential for the development of manufacturing industries of the main enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan was carried out. 2. The aspects of spatial distribution are determined and the sectoral structure of manufacturing industries in the Republic of Bashkortostan is determined. So there is a conclusion: a structural transformation of manufacturing industries in the region is predicted. The development is being redirected from resource-based to high-tech types of economic activity. Significant types of manufacturing industries in the region are mostly in the medium and high technology sector and have a high potential for development.

At present, in an unstable geopolitical situation, one of the most important tasks for the Russian Federation is the creation of advanced domestic aircraft that will not be inferior to its foreign counterparts. The cost of operating is the main criterion in the design of a new aircraft to ensure competitiveness in air transport systems. This article provides new regression relations between the power or thrust of a propulsion system and its cost — the level of costs for maintenance and repair of the propulsion system. These relationships make it possible to consider the costs of the propulsion system and airframe separately from each other. This approach makes it possible to obtain estimates of the cost of transportation for existing and promising aircraft, both with classic gas turbine engines and with hybrid and electric propulsion systems. The article provides a method for estimating direct operating costs for promising light aircraft based on these relationships. The calculation of operating costs and cost structure using the example of the “Eviation Alice” electric aircraft and similar functional analogs is demonstrated.

The authors present mathematical and simulation models of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The models of two types are considered: the dynamic model of cargo transportation and agent-based model of the ITS — the ‘Manhattan grid’ type. The problem of rational railway planning related to research of cargo transportation models and corresponding cargo flows within the dynamic system is studied. The process of cargo transportation was modelled considering the mechanism of interactions with major railway infrastructure elements. The variation ranges of parameters at which cargo transportation system can be consistently active are defined. Possibilities of simulation modelling transportation and pedestrian flows at the micro-level considering complex interactions between heterogeneous agents, in particular, vehicles-to-pedestrians (V2P), vehicles-to-vehicles (V2V), vehicles-to- infrastructure elements (traffic lights) (V2I) etc. using the case study as the ITS belonging to the “Manhattan grid” type studied. As a result, it is shown that ITS with partially controlled pedestrian crossings have advantage by the level of the total traffic in comparison to the ITS with uncontrolled crossings, especially with low-intensity and high-speed traffic. The two types of models are united by the unity of their tool-making description. For models of the first type, all processes at the micro-level are strictly regulated. Therefore, such systems are well characterized by established macro-indicators — states of the soliton solutions class (i. e. the solutions of travelling wave type). In models of the second type, there are large fluctuations at the micro-level that affect the safety of road users (e. g., traffic jams, accidents, etc.). This explains the use of agent-based models that consider processes at the micro-level. At the same time, macro-indicators are the most important characteristics for checking the adequacy of agent-based models.

The geometrical median is a natural spatial generalization of the statistical median of a one-dimensional sample. Thus the problem of computing the median of a finite set of points (a sample) on a straight line presents no difficulties, but unexpected difficulties arise in moving to the plane or to higher dimensional spaces, where the natural linear order of points is absent. While the mean of a multidimensional sample, as on a straight line, is calculated by taking the arithmetic mean, no such analytical formula is available for the geometric median. Moreover, such formulas are absent when we deal with geometrical medians of continuous objects located on a plane or in space. This raises the natural question of analytical estimates of the locations of geometric medians. This paper presents the solutions for two such simplest problems. Namely, the solution of the problem on estimating the location of the geometric median of the perimeter of a triangle and the solution of a similar problem on the geometric median of a triangular area. For both problems, we obtain exact estimates of the affine type.