Energy of cyclones and anticyclones in their development

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Abstract

Using statistical properties of the solution of the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation (FPC) for velocities and coordinates, and using the vortex identification method, quantitative estimates of the distributions of various characteristics of cyclones and anticyclones (including lifetime, wind speed, size, characteristic forcing, and kinetic energy) as a function of their intensity have been obtained. The calculations are based on ERA5 reanalysis data for the period 2010–2021. The vortex lifetimes estimated using the FPC correspond to the lifetimes obtained using the vortex identification method, and the theoretical distribution of cyclones by intensity practically coincides with the observed ones. The characteristics of vortices during their life cycle are also investigated. In general, all analysed characteristics of cyclones increase with their intensification. But for intense anticyclones the increase is not as pronounced as for cyclones.

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About the authors

M. G. Akperov

A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: aseid@ifaran.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

G. S. Golitsyn

A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aseid@ifaran.ru

academician of the RAS

Russian Federation, Moscow

V. A. Semenov

A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aseid@ifaran.ru

academician of the RAS

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Distribution of the number (on a logarithmic scale) of eddies at an isobaric height of 850 hPa depending on their intensity based on the results of the eddy identification method using ERA5 reanalysis data for 2010–2021. The red line shows the curve approximation.

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3. Fig. 2. Distribution of lifetime (in days) of cyclones (a, c) and anticyclones (b, d) depending on their average lifetime intensity (in hPa) according to the theoretical estimate based on the FPC in comparison with the data of the eddy identification method (a, b). The initial data were the ERA٥ reanalysis data for the period 2010‒2021. The diagram (c, d) shows the median (red line), lower and upper quartiles, minimum and maximum sample values ​​for the lifetime according to the eddy identification method.

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4. Fig. 3. Dependence of forcing (cm2/s3) (a, d), kinetic energy (J) (b, f), radius (km) (c, g) and wind speed (m/s) (d, h) of cyclones (a–d) and anticyclones (d–h) depending on their average lifetime intensity (hPa) according to FPC data. The diagram shows the median (red line), lower and upper quartiles, minimum and maximum sample values.

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5. Fig. 4. Life cycle characteristics of extratropical cyclones (a–g) and anticyclones (d–h) in the form of a box plot based on ERA٥ reanalysis data for the period 2010–2021. The diagram shows the median (red line), lower and upper quartiles, minimum and maximum sample values.

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