The Substorms Impact on Processes in the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere of the Earth

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Abstract

During magnetospheric substorms in the F region of the ionosphere and up to altitudes of ~1000 km, a polarization jet (PJ) is developed. Measurements of energetic ring current ions on the AMPTE/CCE satellite and driftmeter data on the DMSP satellites evidence that the formation of PJ is associated with the injection of energetic ions (10–100 keV) into the inner magnetosphere during substorms. In the region of PJ development, the characteristics of the ionospheric plasma change: the plasma density decreases, sometimes by an order of magnitude, and at the same time, the plasma temperature increases significantly. In addition, simultaneously with the westward plasma drift, upward plasma drift is usually observed. The upward ion flux from the region of PJ development of ~109 cm–2 s–1 is an order of magnitude greater than the average daytime ion flux from the ionosphere to the plasmasphere. Measurements on the MAGION-5 satellite in the plasmasphere on the same L-shells, where the polarization jet is recorded in the ionosphere, show an increase in the cold ion density. The density “humps” observed near the plasmapause are apparently formed due to plasma flows from the ionosphere accompanying the formation of the polarization jet. Thus, the consequences of substorms are observed throughout almost the entire magnetosphere.

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G. A. Kotova

Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: kotova@iki.rssi.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

V. L. Khalipov

Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: kotova@iki.rssi.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

A. E. Stepanov

Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: kotova@iki.rssi.ru
Russian Federation, Yakutsk

V. V. Bezrukykh

Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: kotova@iki.rssi.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Above: the change in the AE index over time. The solid line is the AE flash. The dashed line is the time of registration of the injection boundary, the dotted line is the time of registration of the PD at Yakutsk station. Below: energy—time spectrograms for various ions recorded by the CHEM instrument on the AMPTE/CCE satellite on October 3-4, 1987. The dashed line marks the ion injection boundary (IB).

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3. Fig. 2. Dependence of the equatorial boundary of the PD (points) and the inner boundary of the annular current (triangles) on the magnitude of the surge of sub-vortex activity AE. The corresponding approximating lines, solid and dotted, are described in the text.

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4. Fig. 3. Dependence of the time of occurrence of PD over Yakutsk and Podkamennaya Tunguska stations on the time of registration of the outbreak of the AE index. These times coincide on the dotted line. Solid lines show linear approximations. Local midnight in Yakutsk and Podkamennaya Tunguska is marked with a dotted line.

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5. Fig. 4. Examples of observations of density increases in the outer plasmosphere (a, c) or in the boundary layer of the plasmosphere (b) and associated observations of PD in the upper ionosphere. The dependences on the invariant latitude in degrees () are shown from top to bottom: variations in proton density along the orbit of the MAGION-5 satellite, ion drift velocities in the vertical (Vb) and horizontal (Vg) directions and electron density according to the data of the DMSP F15 and F12 satellites. The dotted line marks the maximum speeds of the western drift. The lower panels show the variations of the AE index for the corresponding days. Dashed and dotted lines mark the measurement times on the MAGION-5 and DMSP satellites, respectively. Solid lines show the peaks of AE responsible for the formation of PD.

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