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卷 58, 编号 6 (2024)

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REVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONS

Peculiarities of Emergence, Development and Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance Manifestation Towards Fungicides from the Chemical Classes of Triazoles and Strobilurins Among the Representatives of Zymoseptoria tritici (A Review)

Zubko N., Zeleneva Y., Konkova E., Mokhova L., Dubrovskaya N.

摘要

Grain production serves as an important strategic resource of the Russian Federation, it is a fundamental branch of agricultural production. In order to get a high and stable yield, it is necessary to carry out protective measures for crops against various diseases. In recent years, leaf-stem diseases of grain crops stand out as the most harmful ones in agrocoenoses. They significantly decrease crop yield. Not only do they rapidly spread around multiple regions of the Russian Federation, but they encompass other grain-producing countries as well. Zymoseptoria tritici is a dangerous fungal phytopathogen that causes Septoria blotches among wheat, triticale, barley and rye. Within several decades, some significant progress has been made in the process of genetic control of wheat resistance to Z. tritici. However, due to the presence of favorable weather conditions contributing to the development of fungal infections, in order to prevent crop loss together with decrease in the quality of agricultural produce, from one to several fungicide treatments have to be implemented. Russian and foreign scientists have noted a tendency of Z. tritici to increase rersistance to some fungicides, which poses a problem with the successful implementation of efficient plant protection measures. Such classes as triazoles and strobilurins are no exception, and according to the FRAC rating, the risk of developing resistance to them is assessed as medium in the former and high in the latter, accordingly. Increasing problems caused by fungicide resistance in Z. tritici populations pose a threat to further wheat production. The purpose of the present research is to analyze modern literature data on the emergence of resistance to fungicides from the chemical classes of triazoles and strobilurins in Z. tritici. The given review examines the genetic mechanisms of resistance that appear in the phytopathogen; examples of monitoring studies of fungal resistance in various countries are provided alongside with practical recommendations on the implementation of anti-resistance strategies. The success of creating such strategies is impossible without knowledge of the pathogen population structure, cultivar resistance, regional agro-ecological peculiarities of the pathogen development and crop cultivation or the biological commercial and economic efficiency of protection means and methods.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):423-434
pages 423-434 views

Co-Cultivation of Fungi and Microalgae for Biotechnology

Oghanesyan N., Kurakov A., Khachaturyan N., Gevorgyan S., Matevosyan R., Bagiyan V.

摘要

The review examines the results of studies of the last decade on the co-cultivation of fungi and microalgae. It outlines the mechanisms of interaction between fungi and microscopic algae during associative cultivation and briefly discusses the methods for the formation of flocs. Key importance for biotechnology is the ability of fungi and algae to form granules (floccules), which are easy to separate from the culture liquid. The synergistic effect of these relationships results in a higher level of biomass accumulation, synthesis of lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolites, as well as the removal of various pollutants from wastewater. By selecting specific strains and optimizing cultivation conditions, it is possible to enhance the composition of the resulting products. So far, mostly successful laboratory experiments have been carried out in this direction, which need to be expanded and transferred to production projects. For large-scale application of these systems, it is necessary to continue research into the mechanisms of interaction between fungi and microalgae, their metabolism, regulation of biosynthetic processes using modern methods of metabolomics and proteomics, and to develop engineering solutions for their cultivation.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):435-445
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Species of Fungi Recommended in the Red Data Book of the Rostov Region on the Basis of the IUCN Criteria

Rebriev Y.

摘要

Using the example of the preparation of the third edition of the Red data book of the Rostov Region (section Fungi), the experience of applying criteria developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature is presented. Until recently, the assessment of rarity and threats was carried out using traditionally accepted methods in Russia and often allowed for a significant degree of subjectivity. The IUCN criteria are based on quantitative assessments, which permit a more of accurate evaluation of species status and associated threats. The introduction of new assessment criteria frequently results in a notable revision of the lists of species proposed for protection, with the exclusion of a considerable number of species. The application of most criteria in relation to fungi is exceedingly challenging. Criterion B (geographical distribution: extent of occurrence and area of occupancy) is the most adequate, which allows to indirectly assess the degree of threat of extinction of the species in the territory under consideration. Since the IUCN criteria have been developed for assessment at the global level, it is necessary to develop clearer recommendations for work at the regional level regarding the assessment of the area of areal and habitat.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):446-457
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БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЕ, СИСТЕМАТИКА, ЭКОЛОГИЯ

First Report on Macrofungi in the Greenhouses of the Donetsk Botanical Garden (Russia)

Bondarenko-Borisova I., Triskiba S.

摘要

Totally, 26 species of macrofungi of two phyla, Basidiomycota (23 species, 88%) and Ascomycota (three species, 12%) – were recorded in the greenhouses of the Donetsk Botanical Garden over a 12-year period (2007–2008 and 2015–2024). Seven species – Cyathus striatus, Gymnopilus liquiritiae, Mycena epipterygia, M. leptocephala, Panaeolus fimicola, Peziza varia, and P. vesiculosa – were reported for the first time for the territory of the Donetsk Botanical Garden. The species diversity of macrofungi in greenhouses is relatively low – 10–18% of the species recorded in the anthropogenically transformed regional ecosystems of Donbass. Multiregional cosmopolitans (20 species, 77%) and saprotrophs (17 species, 65%) dominated among fungal species by species composition and trophic spectrum respectively. Two peaks of fruiting body formation were observed: the winter peak – in January and February, and the autumn peak – in October. Macrofungi communities of greenhouses are composed mostly of accidentally introduced species. The incoming of fungi into the greenhouses occurred with organic substrates of local and foreign origin. This may facilitate the introduction and subsequent naturalization of alien fungi in the regional phytocoenoses.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):458-465
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New Species for Regional Mycobiotas of Russia. 9. Report: 2024

Volobuev S., Svetasheva T., Popov E., Sarkina I., Perevedentseva L., Vlasenko V., Kalinina L., Kapitonov V., Rebriev Y., Krapivina E., Filippova N., Khimich Y., Shishigin A., Zmitrovich I., Botalov V., Enushchenko I., Ezhov O., Vlasenko A., Bolshakov S.

摘要

A total of 81 fungal species including ten ascomycete and 71 basidiomycete species have been recorded for the first time from 19 administrative regions of Russia: Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (6), Republic of Crimea (6), Republic of Tyva (2), Perm Krai (8), Primorsky Krai (2), Arkhangelsk Oblast (2), Bryansk Oblast (1), Irkutsk Oblast (3), Murmansk Oblast (6), Novosibirsk Oblast (1), Oryol Oblast (1), Pskov Oblast (2), Tula Oblast (27), Tyumen Oblast (5), Ulyanovsk Oblast (1), Yaroslavl Oblast (1), Saint Petersburg Federal City (1), Sevastopol Federal City (3), and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (4 species). An annotated species list containing the data on locality, substrate, habitat type, date of collection, and voucher numbers is provided. Berkleasmium conglobatum, Biporispora europaea, Heydenia arietina, Lopadostoma pouzarii, Navicella pileata, Trizodia acrobia (Ascomycota), and Callistosporium pseudofelleum, Coltricia confluens, Melanoleuca monticola (Basidiomycota) are reported as the first records in Russia. Clitopilus geminus, Crepidotus stenocystis, Flammulina populicola, Mycena luteovariegata, and Pholiotina longistipitata are recorded in Russia for the second time. Among them, Clitopilus geminus is a new species to European Russia, and Crepidotus stenocystis is a new one to the Asian part of Russia. Amanita mairei, Cortinarius integerrimus, Flammulina elastica, and Infundibulicybe gigas are reported for the third time. New data on rare and little-collected species Purpureodiscus subisabellinus and Hydnellum gracilipes is presented. Complete sequences of ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 nuclear ribosomal DNA for nine species reported have been generated and submitted to the GenBank database.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):466-479
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The Microfungal Communities in Deep-Sea Sediments from the Equatorial Atlantic

Kopytina N., Krasheninnikova S., Kapranov S., Bocharova E., Rodionova N.

摘要

Microfungi of deep-sea sediments, and especially those several meters below the water–sediment interface, are poorly studied. In this work, for the first time, microfungal communities isolated by cultivation from deep-sea sediments of the eastern part of the Equatorial Atlantic (the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones) were investigated. Fungi were isolated from sediments sampled at each of 12 stations from horizons 1.0–4.7 m below the sediment–water interface. To study microscopic fungi, one sediment horizon was isolated from each core. The fungal abundances were within the range of 0.0–3300.0 CFU g-1 sediment dry weight. A total of 19 fungal taxa from the phyla Ascomycota (18) and Basidiomycota (1) were identified, and Mycelia sterilia 1 strain was also isolated. Seven fungal species were encountered only once. In this case, the maximum similarity of species composition, in terms of the Bray – Curtis coefficient, was 57.14% (horizons 1.0 and 3.6 m, four common species). A comparison of the taxonomic structures of fungal communities from the study area was made with those from sediments of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and other areas of the Atlantic. The fungal communities from sediments in the study area were compared with those from the Indian and Pacific Oceans and other areas of the Atlantic. From the literature data and present study results, a list of fungal species with 180 names was compiled. The fungi belonged to 97 genera, 57 families, 32 orders and 13 classes of the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. The diversity of fungal communities was assessed using indicators of taxonomic richness (number of taxa from different ranks), proportions (genera/families, species/families, species/genera), Average Taxonomic Distinctness index (AvTD, Δ+) and Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness index (VarTD, Λ+). Four and twelve fungal classes were identified in sediments in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, respectively. The species/genera proportions in the communities varied from 1.33 (Indian Ocean) to 3.8 (other areas of the Atlantic Ocean). For the fungal communities of the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic, the AvTD index value was minimal (Δ+ = 50.19), the VarTD index was maximal (Λ+ = 945.38), and they were beyond the 95% confidence interval. This was due to the small number of the fungal classes and vertical and horizontal unevenness of species distribution along taxonomic branches, which was manifested in the dominance of species of the family Aspergillaceae (78.9% of the species in the class Saccharomycetes and Eurotiomycetes), only two species belonging to the classes Sordariomycetes and one species belonging to the class Microbotryomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota). Consequently, statistically significant differences were found between the taxonomic structures of the fungal communities of the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic and the other regions of the World Ocean, which are due to the insufficient amount of data obtained on the species composition of fungi in the sediments of this area. The study did not reveal any pattern in the change in the number of fungal species and their abundance in relation to the water characteristics (temperature, pH, and salinity), horizon depth in the sediment core, sediment type, or sampling station location in the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):480-490
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Additions to the Species List of Aphyllophoroid Fungi in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District (Arctic Siberia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)

Shiryaev A.

摘要

A total of 49 species of aphyllophoroid fungi (Agaricomycetes) were recorded for the first time in Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District. The ranges expansion of phytopathogenic fungi associated with alien and native woody plants to the north, as well as the increase in the number of the wooden infrastructure destroyers, are discussed.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):491-495
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SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

DNA Barcoding of Xylobiont Species of Fungi and Lichens from the Samursky National Park (Republic of Dagestan, Russia): First Results

Volobuev S., Ismailov A.

摘要

DNA barcoding is one of the most effective and modern approaches to obtaining new information on biodiversity of fungi and lichens in poorly studied and/or unique regions. As a result of this research, a total of 16 DNA barcodes were obtained for new regional finds of xylobiont aphyllophoroid fungi and lichens inhabiting the territory of the Samursky National Park (Republic of Dagestan, Russia). Among them, not only nucleotide sequences of ITS nrDNA for specimens identified based on classical micromorphological methods are presented, but also new information on cryptic species differentiated using molecular genetic approach. The taxonomic spectrum of the studied objects includes representatives of the genera Coniophora, Dendrographa, Diploicia, Dirina, Evernia, Hyphoderma, Lyomyces, Mycoacia, Opegrapha, Peniophorella, Phanerochaete, and Xylodon. Mycoacia aurea is registered for the first time for the Republic of Dagestan and the Eastern Caucasus.

Mycology and Phytopathology. 2024;58(6):496-500
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