Vol 102, No 1 (2023)
- Year: 2023
- Published: 18.02.2023
- Articles: 15
- URL: https://ruspoj.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9596
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Retrospective analysis of adult mortality from malignant neoplasms of the digestive system in the districts of the Chelyabinsk region affected by radiation accidents in 1940–1960
Abstract
Introduction. Due to the long-term radioactive contamination of the part of the territory of the Chelyabinsk region, much attention is paid to the analysis of the health status of the population. One of the adverse effects of radiation is the occurrence of neoplasms. As a result of a number of emergency situations, digestive organs received one of the largest doses of the radiation.
Materials and methods. The study of the adult mortality in four districts: Argayashsky, Kaslinsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Kunashaksky was performed over a 50-year period from 1947 to 1996. The following age groups were studied: 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70 and older.
Results. An increase in the mortality of adult male and female population from malignant neoplasms of the esophagus, stomach, intestines and “other and unspecified digestive, and peritoneal organs” was found. The greatest differences with the control in all localities, except for malignant neoplasms of the intestine, were observed from the beginning of the 1950s to the end of the 1960s. The peak of mortality from bowel cancer occurs in the 1970s–1980s. Districts differ in the level and trend in mortality: the maximum and earliest gain in mortality was observed in villages located along the river Techa of Argayash and Krasnoarmeysky districts. A later and less pronounced increase in indicators in the Kasli and Kunashak districts is associated with uncontrolled atmospheric emissions in the initial period of the plant’s operation, then the consequences of the 1957 accident and the spread of radioactive dust in 1967. In the Kunashak district, the increase in mortality is of a short-term nature. The main increase in indicators falls on the population over 50 years.
Limitations. The study period is limited to 1996 due to the fact that it was not possible to collect more recent data.
Conclusion. The adult mortality rate from malignant neoplasms of the digestive organs in four rural areas: Argayashsky, Krasnoarmeysky, Kaslinsky, Kunashaksky significantly exceeds the control indicators. The territories differ significantly in levels and trends in mortality, the highest values were found in the Krasnoarmeysky and Argayashsky districts.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Biomedical ethics committee.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no funding.
Received: January 31, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
6-13
Primary incidence of cervical cancer in the population living in ecologically disadvantaged areas (2000–2020)
Abstract
Introduction. Thirty six years after the Chernobyl disaster about 5 million people live in the radioactively contaminated territories of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, and the density of radioactive contamination, determined mainly by long-lived Cesium-137 and Strontium-90, will remain radiologically significant for several decades.
Purpose of the study. Based on official statistics for 2000–2020, to analyze the trend in the incidence of cervical cancer in females living in conditions of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination in the Bryansk region.
Materials and methods. Poisson regression, Shapiro–Wilk test, Mann–Whitney U-test, Spearman test. Data sources — Bryansk Regional Oncological Dispensary, Rospotrebnadzor, Rostekhnadzor, Bryanskstat.
Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of the cervical cancer, regardless of the level of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination. Also, we have found no significant correlations between the frequency of primary morbidity of the cervical cancer with neither the density of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination, nor air pollution with gaseous pollutants (VOCs, SO2, CO and NOx). A statistically significant (p<0.00001) gain in the long-term trend in the incidence of the cervical cancer over 2000–2019 was revealed in all the studied groups, regardless of the environmental conditions of the residence. The forecast for the incidence of the cervical cancer on average in the Bryansk region during 2020 shows a decrease by 20.7% in real values compared to the forecast data.
Limitations. Incidence of the cervical cancer without regard to age groups, distribution at the stage of the disease, histological, and immunohistochemical profile.
Conclusion. The obtained results indicate to the need for further work to understand the trends in the presence/absence of independent and combined effects of pollutants on the growth of oncogynecological pathology from the standpoint of assessing distant and regional metastasis, the histological, and immunohistichemical profile of a specific cervical cancer with levels of radioactive, chemical, and combined environmental contamination.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.
Contribution:
Korsakov A.V. — analysis of literature data, the concept and design of the study, writing the manuscript and interpreting the results, approval of the final version of the article;
Kryukova A.E. — collection of information, statistical processing, writing, editing and discussion of the article;
Troshin V.P. — analysis and interpretation of data, writing, editing and discussion of the article;
Milushkina O.Yu. — analysis of literature data, interpretation of data, editing and discussion of the article;
Lagerev D.G. — data analysis, editing and discussion of the article.
All co-authors — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 13, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
14-21
The content of heavy metals in the soils of cemeteries
Abstract
Introduction. The cemetery soils are practically not studied, although they occupy significant areas in settlements. The cemetery soil cover consists of heavily disturbed necrozems (14–22%) and soils of inter-grave spaces, to a lesser extent transformed by man.
The aim of the work was to determine the content of heavy metals in the cemetery soils in Rostov-on-Don and Bataysk.
Materials and methods. In 2020–2021 seventy six soil samples were taken from the territories of the cemeteries of Rostov-on-Don and Bataysk. Basically, the topsoil layer of 0–10 cm was studied, several samples taken from necrozems and soils of inter-grave plots from a depth of 10–20 cm were also studied. The detection of the gross composition in soil samples was carried out by the X-ray fluorescence method on the Spectroscan MAKS-GV device.
Results. In some samples of the cemeteries in Rostov-on-Don, a significant excess of the content of chromium, copper and arsenic was revealed compared to the background content. In six samples, the total zinc content was exceeded by 10 to 16 times and ranged from 1068 to 3969 mg/kg. In three Bataysk cemeteries, no excess of heavy metals (with the exception of chromium and zinc) was found.
Limitations. In the work, 76 samples from 8 cemeteries of the Rostov agglomeration were studied, which is a fairly reference sample for such objects.
Conclusion. The gross composition of the cemetery soils in the Rostov agglomeration corresponds to the typical values characteristic of the chernozems of the Rostov region. The excess of the background content of chromium and zinc in the soils between graves is associated with the use of metals and paint products containing these elements.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion. Permissions were given from the municipal government institution “City Cemetery Service” in Rostov-on-Don and municipal enterprise Funeral Services in Bataysk.
Contribution:
Lukyanova O.P. — collection of material and data processing, writing the text;
Kazeev K.Sh. — collection of material and data processing, writing text, editing;
Sherstnev A.K. — collection of material and data processing;
Kolesnikov S.I. — collection of literature data.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The research was carried out with the financial support of the leading scientific school of the Russian Federation (NSh-449.2022.5).
Received: October 10, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
22-28
Fountains as potential sources of aerogenic risk for urban populations
Abstract
Introduction. Fountains (office and outdoor), being small decorative structures used to improve the parameters of the human life environment, in the process of their work during the generation of a water jet, determine the creation of spray and aerosol fractions, thereby allowing the loss of a certain volume of liquid when air moves and wind carryover. The biological safety of the operation of such hydraulic structures depends on the composition of the microflora of the water in the main reservoir of the fountain, especially in the warm season.
Materials and methods. For the period 2010–2020, the study of the composition of the microflora of water in the main reservoirs of the existing fountains and in the sedimented spray-aerosol mixture formed during the operation of these hydraulic structures was carried out.
Results. At water temperatures above +18 °C and the absence of a disinfection system or its regular complete replacement, fountains were found to have a significant level of contamination with bacterial and fungal pathogens, including mycobacterium tuberculosis; the number of microorganisms of the E. coli group in office and open city fountains. The amount of Clostridial flora and streptococci in open fountains significantly exceeds the standard indicators (p < 0.05).
Limitations. When studying the trends in concentration of liquid particles in the air, the methodology of K.Y. Kondratiev et al. (1988) and V.M. Khvata et al. (1991) was used. The studies were carried out in accordance with the Interstate standard “Water. Methods of sanitary and bacteriological analysis for field conditions” GOST 24849–2014, 2016.
Conclusion. The microflora of the operating fountain, in the absence of disinfection of water or its regular replacement, is characterized by a high titer of bacteria of the E. coli group, streptococci, staphylococci, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mold and yeast fungi. The one of the conditions for the excessive growth of these microorganisms in this hydraulic system is the water temperature above 18 °С. In the sedimented aerosol near the active fountain, a bacterial and fungal spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms similar to the water is found. Fountains (external and office) can be considered as sources of aerogenic household infection of the population of modern cities, which requires strict adherence to sanitary norms and rules that ensure the biological safety of these hydraulic structures.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Tretyakov A.Yu. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text;
Moskovkin V.M., Ermilov O.V. — editing;
Martynov A.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, collection, and processing of material;
Manuilov M.B., Osolodchenko T.P. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 20, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
29-33
Echinococcosis of animals and humans as a socially dangerous problem in a densely populated subject of the North Caucasus
Abstract
Introduction. Echinococcosis in animals and humans as a zoonotic infestation on the global scale has a tendency to increase the quantitative parameters of morbidity. Among naturally occurring parasitic diseases in animals and humans, human and animal echinococcosis has acquired the status of epizootic, epidemiological, sanitary and hygienic infectious and socially dangerous nosological entity, including in the densely populated North Caucasus region (Karachaevo-Cherkessia Republic).
In the south of the Russian Federation with favourable temperature and humidity conditions, echinococcosis invasion occurs in more than 60 species of animals and humans. In addition, echinococcosis in dogs and wild carnivores has also become the main sanitary threat for the regions.
In the Russian Federation, the echinococcosis in sheep, goats, buffalo, and cattle in regions with warm and moderate temperatures has resulted in the 1.5–2.0-fold decrease in the survival of livestock and the realization of the biological potential of all types of productivity.
Materials and methods. The analysis of animal and population morbidity with echinococcosis in the subject of the Russian Federation (Karachay-Cherkessia Republic) in 2012–2020 was carried out on the base of summarizing the reports of regional divisions of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, veterinary clinics, and sections of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. The diagnostic methods generally accepted in medical and veterinary parasitology (coproscopy, helminthoscopy, native smear method, Demidov and Fülleborn methods) with respect to fecal and soil samples and complete helminthological dissection of animal organs according to K.I. Skryabin (1928) served as the methodological base.
The basic epidemiological and epizootological data of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing and the Departments of Veterinary Affairs of the RF subject (Karachaevo-Cherkesskaya Republic) concerning the distribution of echinococcosis among animals and humans (frequency index) and the sanitary contamination of soils with eggs of the tenid type, including cestode Echinococcus granulosus were statistically processed using the Biometrics software.
Results. Karachay-Cherkessia Republic belongs to the unfavourable regions of the Russian Federation by echinococcosis of flesh-eating and ruminant animals. The occurrence index of echinococcosis in wolves from 2012 to 2020 increased from 38.4% to 68.5%, in domestic dogs – from 73.6% to 100%; jackals – from 46.9% to 90.8%. In the plain zone the index of occurrence of echinococcosis in goats is characterized by an increase from 8.6% to 23.4%; in the foothill zone from 11,7% to 25,2%; in the mountain zone – from 6.9% to 20.6%, which represents an epizootic risk for livestock due to insufficient measures on dogs deworming.
In the plain zone from 2012 till 2020 the indices of cystic echinococcosis in sheep also show increase from 10.8% to 26.10%; in the foothill zone from 13.3% to 31.5%; in the mountain zone from 8,5% to 23.2%.
In Karachay-Cherkessia from 2012 to 2020 the incidence of cystic echinococcosis in plain, foothill and mountain settlements decreases manifold. The number of people with echinococcosis decreased from 6 to 1 in total (6.0 times), which indicates an improvement of the epidemic situation in the region due to the program-targeted management measures against the dangerous zoonosis, which was based on improving the hygienic and sanitary culture of the population.
Soil samples from different infrastructures, taken for the study, in 100% of cases were inseminated with eggs of the tenid type, including cestode Echinococcus granulosus, which indicates a high level of contamination in urban and rural objects. This situation may further lead to the spread of cystic echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, including humans. Data on the contamination in the urban and rural infrastructure of Karachay-Cherkessia by Tenidae eggs were obtained for the first time.
Conclusion. The material on population incidence of echinococcosis and in various animals according to materials of supervising bodies and own researches is summarized. The occurrence of cestode eggs in soil has been proved, as the authors cite the results of their own studies, which are given in the text. Karachay-Cherkessia Republic belongs to the unfavourable regions of the Russian Federation for echinococcosis of carnivores and ruminants, which is indicated by a 2.2–3.0-fold gain in the index of infestation due to poor implementation of measures for dehelminthization in dogs. At the same time, the incidence of cystic echinococcosis in the plain, foothill and mountain settlements decreased by multiples. The number of ill people decreased from 6 to 1 (6 times), which indicates an improvement of the epidemic situation due to the program-targeted management of measures to combat zoonosis and improve the sanitary and hygienic culture of the population. At the same time, the soils of urban and rural sites were found to be infested with tenid eggs in 100% of cases. The percentage of soil samples with viable tenid eggs was high and varied in urban soils from 58,7±4,26% to 83,0±6,90%, and in rural soils from 82.4±7.13% to 88.3±7.59%, which can lead to wide spread of echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, including humans. Practical measures to reduce the epidemiological and sanitary and hygienic problems of echinococcosis in animals and humans can be solved only on the base of complete coverage in dog population with deworming treatment using effective means, sanitary permissible regulation of wild carnivores and activation of veterinary surveillance bodies.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Kabardiev S.Sh. — analysis of the research, writing and editing the text;
Bittirov A.M. — analysis of the conducted research, editing;
Aliyev A.Yu. — analysis of the conducted research, editing;
Gogushev Z.T. — collection of material and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, project no. 14-50-00034.
Received: September 9, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
34-39
Cadmium concentrations in hair in the population of the subjects of the Russian Federation: a systematic review
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic trace elements. The most important sources of Cd contamination by burning fossil fuels as coal or oil and incineration of urban waste, including plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries. In all countries these sources make Cd contamination an important health issue worldwide. Cd can enter the body through smoking tobacco, eating and drinking food and water polluted with Cd, and breathong. Cd concentration in human hair, nails and blood is considered as an indicator of environmental pollution. However, there is little systemized information on Cd concentration in human tissues in Russia.
This is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. We performed a systematic search and qualitative synthesis of scientific literature on Cd concentrations in hair across Russia between 2011 and 2021. PubMed and e-library were the main sources of scientific information in English and Russian, respectively. Initial search returned 1202 matches. Twenty-nine papers remained for qualitative synthesis after screening and eligibility analysis.
Studies on Cd concentrations were performed in only 19 of 85 federal subjects (22.4%). No heterogeneity was observed in sample preparation while methods of laboratory analysis varied between the settings and included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, and inversion voltammetry. The sample sizes ranged from 12 to 5908 individuals. The average Cd concentrations varied from 0.010 mg/kg to 0.164 mg/kg. The greatest concentrations of Cd were reported from Sibai in the Orenburg Region (0.164 mg/kg), in indigenous people of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.15 mg/kg) and in residents of the Arctic part of the Sakha Republic (0.14 mg/kg); The maximum values on the abovementioned regions were 7.02 mg/kg, 0.52 mg/kg, and 0.51 mg/kg. High maximum concentrations were also found in the Republic of Bashkortostan (0,9 mg/kg) and in Yaroslavl (0,37 mg/kg).
Conclusion. Data on Cd concentrations in human hair from 66 federal subjects are still needed for mapping of Cd concentration in Russia. Further data collection should be performed using representative and sufficient sample samples while presentation of the results should contain detailed information on methods of data collection and analysis to ensure reproducibility and comparability of the findings.
Contribution:
Chanchaeva E.A. — information search, identification, screening, eligibility assessment, article writing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Grzhibovsky A.M. — the concept and design of the study, methodological aspects, critical comments, revision of the manuscript, editing and approval of the final version of the article;
Kurylenko T.K. — assessment of the acceptability of publications, design of references, list of references;
Malkov P.Yu. — preparation of a diagram, drawing, table.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 26, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
40-49
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Working conditions and health risks of operators in the application of pesticides based on mancozeb on high horticultural crops
Abstract
Introduction. The increased interest in viticulture in Russia makes mancozeb-based fungicides in demand. Safety and health of operators during application pesticides is a major concern in agricultural activities.
Materials and methods. Field studies to determine the exposure of various formulations of mancozeb in the air of the working area and on the skin of the operators during airblast spraying of orchards were carried out. Мargin of safety by exposure (KBtotal) and by absorbed dose (KBabs) were conducted. Exposure assessment included the determination of its probability.
Results. Wettable powders compared with water-dispersible granules show a fivefold increase in the average concentrations of mancozeb found in the air of the work area and almost a threefold increase in the skin. Exposure and absorbed dose risk rates for wettable powders are three times higher than for water-dispersible granules. For one of the drugs, the total risk was higher than the tolerable risk. The probability distribution vector of possible danger states for the operator after the sixth hour of work shows the probability of an unacceptable state as the highest.
Limitations. The scopes of the study were determined by studying the behaviour of mancozeb in the formulations of the wettable powder and water-dispersible granules during airblast spraying of orchards.
Conclusion. For health safety purposes, mancozeb-based preparations should be used in compliance with the regulations and safety measures. Operators, who handle and apply pesticides in orchards, should be forcing to wear protective garments and personal protective equipment. The choice of water-dispersible granules formulation is preferable. Don’t exceed the application rate and spraying time.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents. Study participants signed an informed consent form.
Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript, approval of the final version of the article;
Zavolokina N.G. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Bereznyak I.V. — editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: November 23, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
50-54
Indicators of immunity in workers engaged in the processing of natural gas and condensate
Abstract
Introduction. Despite the unique measures being taken at the Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant for personnel protection, the harmful exposure to the staff is not eliminated completely yet. Examination of the immune system is one of the methods of laboratory control over the gas-processing workers’ health and the system of measures for hygienic normalization of the working conditions.
Materials and methods. The present study describes the working environment and evaluates the state of the immune system in workers with the use of the standard unified methods and approaches. A Brüel & Kjear 1302 multi gas monitor and a Tsvet-550 gas chromatograph were used to indicate pollutants. Examination involved one hundred sixty workers and 81 person from the control group (donors of Astrakhan Regional Blood Transfusion Center). The immune system was evaluated using the System 9000 Plus hematological analyser, Cyto FLEX LX flow cytometer, UNICO 2100UV specrophotometer, and KFK-3-03-ZОМЗ photometer.
Results. The established set of the main unfavourable production factors includes air pollution of the work area with sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon, hydrogen sulphide, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and unfavourable microclimatic conditions. Occupational hazards cause in employees changes in the immune status including leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, changes in the composition of the lymphocyte population and T lymphocyte subpopulation, a decrease in the immunoglobulin content, lysozyme activity and phagocytosis index.
Limitations. The study took into account only the effect of occupational hazards on the deviation of the immune status of workers engaged in natural gas and condensate processing.
Conclusion. The authors consider the recorded changes to be adaptive. It suggests the possibility of normalization of the workers’ immune system functions with adequate rehabilitation measures.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was in accordance with the ethical principles of medical research outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013).
Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Boiko O.V. — concept and design of the study, material processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Dotsenko Yu.I. — material collection and processing, text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 16, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
55-62
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Hygienic foundation for a gender-differentiated management of physical education of primary schoolchildren
Abstract
Introduction. An urgent task of school hygiene is to increase the developmental, preventive and health-improving effectiveness of physical education (PhE), taking into account the peculiarities of the lifestyle and body development of children of different genders.
Materials and methods. Non-randomized controlled studies were performed in a natural hygienic experiment with the participation of 265 children with a traditional management (TM), partially (GDM-1) and completely (GDM-2) gender-differentiated PhE management. Anthropometric and functional indicators were measured, data on physical fitness and the psycho-emotional state of children were analyzed.
Results. The values of vital capacity of lungs, Shtange’s test and strength of hands’ muscles increased during the school year by 24.8% (p<0.001), 33.6% (p<0.001) and 48.8% (p<0.001), respectively, in groups PM-1 and GDM-2. There was a tendency to decrease in the proportion of boys with excess body weight by 8.9% (p>0.05), the static-kinetic stability increased up by 1.3 times (p<0.001) with GDM-2. The greatest increase in static balance occurred in boys with TM-1 up to 1.7 times (p<0.001), and in girls with GDM-2 up to 1.65 times (p<0.001). The results of the tests of the VFSK TRP are higher with GDM-2 than with TM in “30 m run” up by 1.92 times, “Long jump from a place with a push with two legs” up by 2.38 times, “Pulling up from a hang on a high bar” up to 5.18 times, “Pulling up from a hang lying on a low bar” up to 3.29 times. The proportion of boys with a comfortable psycho-emotional state decreased with TM and GDM-1 and unchanged with GDM-2.
Limitations. The criteria for including children in the study were age 7–10 years, I–II health groups, basic and preparatory medical groups for PhE.
Conclusion. The gender-differentiated approach increases the hygienic effectiveness of the PhE by ensuring that the management of PhE lessons corresponds to the peculiarities of the functional state of the body, physical development and physical fitness of children.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association. The design of the study was approved by the Local independent ethical committee of the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Protocol No. 29 of 12/22/2016).
Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Khramtsov P.I. — concept and design of the study, data analysis, editing;
Morgachev O.V. — collecting and processing of material, statistical processing, data analysis, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
63-69
FOOD HYGIENE
Heavy metals and arsenic in foodstuffs in the vicinity of industrial enterprises and nuclear power plant
Abstract
Introduction. There is evaluated the content of seventeen elements in local agricultural and natural foodstuffs of the 30-km zone of influence of the Beloyarsk NPP, located in the industrially developed area of the Sverdlovsk region.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2019 in the private sector of 27 settlements, 20 collective farms and forests of the 30-km zone around the Beloyarsk NPP, and a cooling reservoir. In crop products (grain, potatoes, roots, vegetables), animal husbandry (milk, meat, poultry) and natural foods (mushrooms, berries, fish) the content of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Mo, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Sb, Sr, Mn, V, W, Ba and Fe was estimated. Elements in the samples were detected by atomic absorption and plasma emission methods of analysis. The results obtained for the most toxic Pb, Cd, As and Hg were compared with sanitary-hygienic standards (SanPiN 2.3.2.1078–01).
Results. The trend in the content of heavy metals and arsenic in local foodstuffs before and after the commissioning of the BN-800 reactor is presented. The types of foods with the maximum accumulation of pollutants are identified. In the majority of local foodstuffs in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP there was shown no risk of exceeding the sanitary-hygienic standards for the content of the most toxic elements. An excess of SanPiN standards was noted for arsenic content in 10–30% of grain samples, for cadmium in 15–20% of wild berry samples.
Limitations. The content of toxicants was assessed in the main groups of local agricultural and natural foods available during the sampling period, and expanding the list of analyzed products and the number of elements may be the subject of further research.
Conclusion. The assessment of the safety of foodstuffs in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP showed that the operation of the BN-600 and BN-800 reactors doesn’t significantly affect the increase in the content of toxic elements in locally produced foods, and the accumulation of pollutants in them is determined by long-term emissions of industrial enterprises of Sverdlovsk region.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Panov A.V. — research concept and design, writing a text, editing;
Trapeznikov A.V., Korzhavin A.V. — writing a text;
Sidorova E.V., Korneev Yu.N. — the collection and processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 9, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
70-76
Xylitol: production, metabolism and safety of use (literature review)
Abstract
The review article provides information on a common sweetener — xylitol, ranging from methods of production and purification, to metabolism in the body and practical applications in medicine and other industries. Considering some prejudice with which xylitol is treated in the Russian Federation, safety of use and low prevalence, it was decided to consider the relevance of use in medicine and related industries, affecting the effectiveness of use as one of the preventive measures in diseases of dental caries.
Literature search: according to the Scopus, CyberLeninka, PubMed databases, selective, analytical-synthetic, typological.
Xylitol is a polyhydric sugar alcohol; it is found in small amounts in fruits and vegetables. For industrial production, xylitol can be obtained by chemical and biotechnological methods. Chemical production is financially costly mainly due to the complex product purification process. In biotechnological production, agricultural and vegetable raw materials are used as raw materials, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of production and its energy intensity. The safety of xylitol has been well studied by the international community since the late 70s and it is included in various WHO recommendations, numerous studies confirm the safety of use during the metabolic processes of the body.
Conclusion. Xylitol is used in at least three industries, namely in food (dietary, confectionery, chewing gum), pharmaceutical (xylitol properties are relevant in the production of nasal sprays, syrups, in combination with other medicines) and in dentistry due to its anti-caries effect, suppression growth of pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity and participation in the remineralization of hard tissues of the tooth. In addition, it is actively used among diabetics.
Contribution:
Sokolov F.S. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Krikheli N.I., Gurevich K.G. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Zaborovsky A.V. — the concept and design of the study;
Glinenko V.M. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: August 11, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
77-81
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Morbidity of persons of an organized collective in the Arctic
Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, the UTCI bioclimatic index has been used to assess the impact of climatic conditions on health.
Goal is an assessment of the morbidity in persons of an organized team in the Arctic to determine the health risk when working in an open area.
Materials and methods. According to the data of temperature, wind speed, relative air humidity on Dikson Island and Cape Chelyuskin the UTCI indices were calculated for 2009–2019. The health risk was assessed by the degrees of cold stress. We retrospectively estimated the prevalence of diseases, including primary morbidity, in 25–45 years persons over 2015–2020 by general and by classes of diseases.
Results. In terms of severity, cold risk was characterized from severe to extreme stress. According to the prevalence of diseases, 76.5% of the total population accounted for 6 classes of diseases according to ICD-10 included respiratory, genitourinary, endocrine systems, nutrition disorders and metabolic disorders, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, digestive organs, circulatory system. In the structure of morbidity according to primary appeal, 79.5% according to ICD-10 accounted for diseases of the respiratory system, genitourinary system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, injuries and ear diseases. During long-term observation in the prevalence of diseases, the incidence of injuries increased, according to primary data — diseases associated with mental disorders, damage to the nervous system, skin diseases and diseases of the subcutaneous tissue, injuries.
Limitations. The results obtained require verification in age-standardized cohorts; in various gender groups and groups working in organized and unorganized teams, as well as in various internship groups.
Conclusion. According to UTCI, health risk in the Arctic was assessed as cold stress including severe (3–4 months), very severe (2–3 months) and extreme (5–6 months). Morbidity for current classes of diseases indicates both the impact of the climate of the Arctic on the health of people in an organized team, and working conditions.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Rakhmanov R.S. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Bogomolova E.S. — collection of literature data, editing the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Narutdinov D.A. — collection and systematization, statistical processing of the material;
Razgulin S.A. — participation in the interpretation of the results, preparation of the text of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The work was carried out according to the plan of scientific works of the Volga Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia and the plan of the dissertation research of D.A. Narutdinova.
Received: September 20, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
82-87
SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING
Analysis of the quality of life in the population living under post-war conditions
Abstract
Introduction. Biomedical assessment of the quality of life (QOL) is a methodological tool that allows identifying the degree of human adaptation to changing functional states and environmental factors. For the first time we tried to analyze the population’s QOL in post-war conditions.
Methods and materials. The study was managed within the framework of scientific project over 2021–2022 (a year after the end of the military events in the region), one hundred eighty Nagorno-Karabakh 16 to 60 years residents of both genders have been tested using a modified version of SF-36 questionnaire.
Results. The average values of the population’s QOL indicators for the SF-36 questionnaire scales varies from 59.5 (the vital activity and mental health) to 84.2 points (physical functioning). Gender-age features of the QOL level declined the role-playing emotional functioning in females and a diminished the values of general health, vitality and social functioning by the second adulthood. Having grouped all the scales into two indicators — the physical (PH) and mental (MH) components of health, the latter turned out to be lower than the values of the separate components of these elements. In general, the entire population had a low level of MH (43.7 points), compared with PH (49.7 points).
Limitations. The study has age (youthful and middle), regional (Nagorno-Karabakh) and temporary (at the present stage) limitations.
Conclusion. The obtained regional population QOL standards in the post-war conditions can be designated as the phenomenon of Nagorno-Karabakh, which can serve as a scientific and practical basis for further research.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Association “Ethical Principles for Conducting Scientific Medical Research Involving Humans”.
Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Mardiyan М.А. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the article final version;
Sargsyan A.V. — collection and processing of material;
Sahakyan A.A. — collection and processing of material;
Galstyan H.G. — statistical data processing, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of the article’s all parts.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was supported by the Science Committee of RA, in the frames of the research project № 21АА-02.
Received: September 9, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
88-92
FROM THE HISTORY OF SANITARY AFFAIRS
Historical aspects of water quality control in Russia. To the 150th anniversary of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the establisment of the State sanitary epidemiological service (literature review)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the history of water quality control in Russia in connection with the 150th anniversary of the establishment of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary authorities of the Republic”. A historical retrospective analysis of publications was carried out using the database of the Russian Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.Ru, integrated with the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), and reports from the collections of the scientific library of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov.
The data on the creation of the first Perm Zemstvo sanitary station in Russia and the conduct of original scientific research on the use of chemical and bacteriological methods of water quality control in it are presented. The achievements of Russian scientists in the field of establishing sanitary protection zones of water sources and the role of oil pollution of rivers are shown. The significance of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars “On sanitary bodies of the Republic” issued in 1922 in the legislative regulation of drinking water quality is determined. The activity of the bodies of the sanitary service of the Red Army to ensure adequate water supply in order to preserve the combat capability of the troops during the Great Patriotic War has been studied. A list of regulatory documents determining the quality of drinking water from 1945 to 2021 is presented, an analysis of new modern methods of quality control is carried out, the main requirements for which are expressiveness, reproducibility, accessibility.
Conclusion. The creation of the first Zemstvo sanitary station and the State Sanitary Service in Russia served as the basis for the development of methods for monitoring the quality of drinking water, which went from the initial methods of assessing organoleptic indicators to the use of quantitative standards and the creation of innovative high-tech methods for studying it.
Contribution:
Bolechan V.N. — research concept and design, material collection, text writing;
Subbotina T.I. — material collection and data processing, text writing;
Krivtsov A.V. — editing, material collection;
Sorokoletova E.F. — editing;
Ishchuk Yu.V. — material collection, research design.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June14, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023
93-98
REMARKABLE EVENTS AND DATES
99-100
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.