Vol 99, No 9 (2020)
- Year: 2020
- Published: 20.09.2020
- Articles: 28
- URL: https://ruspoj.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9681
Articles


ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Experience on the environmental and hygienic assessment of water pollution in the territories referred to oil refining and petrochemical complexes
Abstract
Introduction. Wastewater contaminated with oil, demulsifiers, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, phenol, sulfates, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkali, fatty acids, various solutes, etc. is formed at oil refining and petrochemical enterprises. Runoff entering surface and underground water sources can harm water quality, sanitary conditions of life, and water use by the population. Taking this into account, further improvement of scientific approaches to ensure the safety of water bodies that are sources of drinking and recreational use, assessment, and prevention of public health risks caused by water factors is of particular importance.
Material and methods. To assess the degree of influence of industrial enterprises on the quality of water sources, we studied the sanitary condition of the Belaya River and its tributaries, as well as underground water lying in the area of oil refining and petrochemical industries. The analysis of the water quality of surface and underground water sources according to the data of laboratory studies of departmental laboratories; the results of scientific and practical research and publications on the studied problem for 1999-2019.
Results. Materials of observation data show that wastewater from industrial enterprises change the sanitary condition of surface reservoirs: there is a decrease in the content of ammonium nitrogen and biological oxygen consumption indices and a significant increase in the content of nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, and petroleum products. Surface water sources are characterized by unfavorable organoleptic characteristics, high organic pollution, and the presence of specific compounds (petroleum products, surfactants, alpha-methylstyrol, benzene, toluene, isopropylbenzene, and hydrogen sulfide) in concentrations higher than their hygiene regulations. Underground waters located on the territories of the main industrial complexes are characterized by high mineralization, extremely high hardness, high content of iron, nitrates, and petroleum products.
Conclusion. Refineries and petrochemicals affect the pollution of surface and underground water sources. The water quality of the surveyed water bodies does not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. The priority indices of the influence of the enterprises of branch on water bodies include organoleptic indices of organic pollution, indices of total salts composition of water, the content of specific ingredients: oil, benzene, toluene, isopropyl, alpha-methyl styrene, xylene, cresol, kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, ethylene, propylene, 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene, phenols (volatile), methyl mercaptan, nonionic and anion-active surfactants, biological oxygen consumption indices and others. The research made it possible to assess the level of pollution of water bodies located in the zone of industrial enterprises and develop measures to reduce the man-made impact on the environment and public health.



Epidemiological characteristics and hygienic assessment of factors for expanding the areas of pathogens of parasitic diseases on the territory of the Russian Federation
Abstract
Introduction. The high level of trade, population migration, and changes in the infrastructure of economic activity in the regions created the prerequisites for the dispersal and adaptation of parasitic pathogens to new factors, including adverse environmental and climatic conditions of their circulation. For the first time on the example of the distribution of long-term average incidence rates among the four most common parasitic nosological forms, the etiological factor of which is the causative agents of different taxonomic groups, systematized by the type of their circulation in various environmental objects: ascariasis (soil), enterobiosis (household items), opisthorchiasis (fish, products processing), echinococcosis (soil, water, contact with sick animals, processed products of animal raw materials. At the same time, a high level of soil contamination resistance (42.1%), surface runoff (41.8%), surface water (42.5%), sewage sludge (35.1%) characterizes the resistance of the parasitic system to the effects of the existing anthropogenic press on the causative agents of helminth and protozoal infestations and indicates the maintenance of active circulation of pathogens in the environment.
Material and methods. The analysis of the average long-term level of parasitic morbidity and changes in the boundaries of the territorial distribution of parasitoses over the past 10 years (2009-2018) in 85 administrative units of the Russian Federation. The epidemiological development trend is determined by the methods of ranking the dynamic series of incidence with categorization by levels relative to the average Russian indices of parasitic incidence and calculation of the linear trend.
Results. The calculation data are plotted on the administrative-territorial map of Russia with the help of a GIS program (MapInfo Pro 16) with the allocation of SMPZ levels for each nosology - single, low, medium, high, super high.
Conclusion. Calculations of the development of linear trends of medium and low levels, as well as single cases of morbidity, were shown to allow differentiating the development trend of the epidemic process and draw prognostic conclusions.



Impact of the electrochemical treatment on physical and chemical properties of water activated in various devices using electrochemical activation technology
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, there are various technologies for water treatment and water purification, including ozonation of water, water treatment with UV radiation, ion exchange, magnetization. Electrochemical treatment of water by direct electric current, in which activated water is formed, characterized by many anomalous properties, is a modern approach to water treatment and water treatment.
Purpose of the study. The study of the physicochemical properties of water-activated in devices of different manufacturers with different designs.
Material and methods. To activate the water, activators were used: AP-1, Melesta, Zdrava, the filter of electrochemical water purification “ Izumrud”. The activity of hydrogen ions and the redox potential of water were measured using an Ecotest-120 ionomer with a switch. To measure the electrical conductivity of the solutions, an Expert-002 conductometer was used. Free chlorine was determined by the photocolorimetric method on a Spectroquant Multy colorimeter. Antioxidant activity was determined spectrophotometrically using a mediator system of potassium ferro-ferricyanide.
Results. Chloride ions make a decisive contribution to the change in the physicochemical characteristics of anolyte upon activation of water. Sulfates and bicarbonates do not affect the prooxidant activity of the anolyte. The relaxation of catholytes obtained in membrane activators proceeds by a gradual increase in ORP, while the relaxation of activated water in the Zdrava diaphragmless activator proceeds in an oscillatory mode and is characterized by sharp changes in ORP. Anolytes are stable over time and slightly change the pH and ORP during storage. The activation of certain types of water in a diaphragmless activator does not lead to a decrease in the ORP, but its significant growth.
Conclusion. Electrochemically activated water is a general term that hides in each case an unknown substance with an unpredictable effect. The use of standard devices even when using the same water sample, as a rule, leads to different physicochemical characteristics of activated water. When using different types of water, physicochemical characteristics differ significantly. The use of electrochemically activated water is unsafe.



Ecological and hygienic assessment of the technogenic reservoir state of the gold extraction enterprise (Zauralye of the Republic of Bashkortostan)
Abstract
Introduction. The population using waste man-made water reservoirs for recreation and providing household needs can be at potential health risk. Such pollutants as heavy metals do not undergo decomposition processes. They accumulate in the biotic and abiotic components of the reservoir. Subsequently, hazardous toxicants can enter the human body through food chains. An ecological and hygienic assessment of the state of the waste reverse reservoir of the Semyonov gold recovery plant has been carried out.
Material and methods. The object of the study is located in the Zauralye of the Republic of Bashkortostan at the geographical coordinates 52° 30’20″ N, 58° 19′48″ E. The content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd) in water, bottom sediments and biomass of aquatic macrophyte (Potamogeton perfoliatus L.) was studied. In the bottom sediments, mobile forms of metals have been detected. They are extracted by an acetate-ammonium buffer with pH = 4.8
Results. It has been revealed that in water the concentration of heavy metals is higher than the maximum permissible concentrations for fishery reservoirs: 19–27 times for copper, 10–24 times for zinc, 2.7–5.8 times for lead, 1–1.4 times for cadmium. Exceeding the standards for water bodies for drinking, domestic and cultural water use is recorded for cadmium (6 times) and lead (2.5 times). In bottom sediments, the zinc content of mobile forms is 372.00 ± 28.51 mg/kg, copper - 144.37 ± 4.08 mg/kg, lead - 14.09 ± 1.48 mg/kg, cadmium - 0.036 ± 0.002 mg/kg. The total index (ZC ), reflecting the additive excess of the background, is 1686, which corresponds to an extremely high level of man-made pollution of bottom sediments. The concentrations of heavy metals in the aboveground and underground organs of Potamogeton perfoliatus L. are much higher than the background levels.
Conclusion. The waste reverse reservoir of the Semenov gold extraction factory is potentially dangerous to the local population health when it is used for breeding poultry, watering cattle, and fishing. The activities aimed at improving the environmental and hygiene situation in the territory of the locality are imperative.



Hygienic assessment of the trace elements content in crop production in an industrially developed region
Abstract
Introduction. Agricultural crops grown on garden plots are mainly used for personal consumption, are not subject to safety control, and therefore, the chemical composition of the produced crop products may significantly affect the accumulation or deficiency of chemical elements in the human body.
Material and methods. To assess the chemical composition of the main products of plant origin produced in the regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan with different economic specialization, the content of 9 trace elements in carrots, table beets and potatoes was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (n = 353). Using the total coefficient of anthropogenic load (Ka.n. = ∑Ci /PDUi ), the territory of the Republic was ranked according to the degree of contamination of vegetable crops with toxic elements (lead, cadmium). The influence of trace elements contained in crop products on the health of the region’s population was studied using the risk assessment method.
Results. Vegetables with a high content of cadmium (10.8% of the analyzed samples) occupy the largest share in the total volume of crop production that does not meet hygiene standards. When ranking the territory of the Republic on the basis of health risk assessment and the degree of contamination of vegetable crops with toxic elements, territories with a developed mining and petrochemical industry were found to be most unfavorable zones.
Conclusion. The content of chemical elements in vegetable crops produced on household plots varies in a wide range, depending on the type of plant products and the place of growth. The lack of standards for the permissible content of certain trace elements in food raw materials and food products, which are priority pollutants in a number of regions, and safety control of products produced in private farms increase the risk of consumption of contaminated products by the population.



Impact of a cellphone electromagnetic radiation on phagocytic activity of neutrophils in vitro
Abstract
Introduction. The nature of a cellphone electromagnetic radiation (EMP) influence on the neutrophils in vitro activation was studied. The relevance of studying the impact of mobile communications and their effects on the body’s physiological processes is determined by the global prevalence of such tools and the research data inconsistency in the both domestic and foreign scientific literature.
Material and methods. The object of the study was the whole venous blood samples and isolated neutrophils from 36 adult donors (aged from 22 to 65 years) of both genders. The responses of the neutrophils’ phagocytic activity and its registration were carried out in a flat-bottomed plate for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the daily culture of S. aureus ATCC 6538 (strain 209) was used as an inducer of phagocytosis. The intensity of phagocytosis was evaluated by changing the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) spectrophotometric method in our modification.
Results. In the course of studies of the EMR impact of a cellphone on phagocytic neutrophils, the following was revealed: when culturing neutrophils without the addition of S. aureus, there was a tendency to increase spontaneous MPO activity (by 69%), i.e. its production in the absence of a stimulating factor and, conversely, a significant decrease in the enzyme activity induced by S. aureus (by 34%, p <0.05), i.e. the phagocytic activity of neutrophils.
Conclusion. We revealed the biological effect of the cellphone EMR as an increase in the spontaneous activity of MPO and a decrease in the bacterially induced activity of the enzyme may indicate a decline in the phagocytic activity of the main cells of the immune system, therefore, it demonstrates a weakening of the protective properties of the human body against infectious diseases. In previous studies, we have shown the presence of the impact of cellphone EMR on the activation of lymphocytes in vitro. The use of immunological tests can be a promising direction in assessing the impact of the cellphone EMR on the human body.



Analysis of the health status of the population living in conditions of air pollution with odorous substances (literature review)
Abstract



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Radiation-hygienic assessment of modern medical technologies
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, modern medical radiation technologies, including the use of radiopharmaceuticals, are becoming more widely used. At the same time, it should be noted that these technologies themselves have undergone a significant evolution towards improving their radiation safety. But while radiation technologies have been steadily improving, approaches to controlling and regulating activities with ionizing radiation sources remain highly conservative. In law enforcement practice, this approach leads more and more to excessive requirements that are not justified for the basic principles of radiation safety – rationing, justification, optimization. This paper substantiates the ways to improve the issues of regulation and regulation of activities using modern radiation technologies
Purpose of research. Conducting radiation and hygiene assessment of working conditions in PET centers and developing proposals for improving regulatory requirements, taking into account the features of modern technologies
Material and methods. Protocols of industrial radiation control, results of own research of effective equivalent doses, equivalent doses for the skin and lens of the eye by thermoluminescent dosimetry, timekeeping of the working time of the PET center staff were used.
Results. As part of the work, the results of industrial radiation monitoring of the PET- center of a large medical organization were analyzed. It is shown that the annual radiation doses are within no more than 1/3 of the dose limit for limited personnel, most of whom receive less than 5 mS per year. The data of our research carried out based on the scientific LRC of the Department of radiochemistry of the Lomonosov Moscow State University are in good agreement with the data of the medical institution. Conducting time-lapse studies allowed us to conclude that the time of direct exposure of personnel is significantly less than the standard values provided for by regulatory documents, and the dose rates for many operations can not correspond to the values regulated by these documents. It is shown how a safe technology can relate, on formal grounds, to “highly dangerous”, which is a significant modern contradiction in the field of regulating activities with radiation sources.
Conclusion. An important factor in ensuring radiation safety is the identification of critical groups of personnel, the most exposed organs, and tissues, taking into account the annual activity consumed. The standardized dose rate criteria laid down in regulatory documents do not provide for the use of indicators of the actual workload (time of exposure). It is necessary to introduce appropriate changes to the normative documents.



The relationship between different aspects of occupational stress and general health
Abstract
Introduction. Stress is one of the most common problems at work environments, which may have a negative effect on physical and mental health. Besides, general health problems are the most commonly discussed matter relating to occupational health, causing a reduction in the individual performance quality and work absence.
Aims and objectives. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the different indicators of occupational stress and general health.
Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among the office workers in Tehran in 2017. HSE’ occupational stress questionnaire was used to develop the different aspects of occupational stress. General health status was determined by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The relationship between different levels of occupational stress and general health was examined by statistical methods.
Results. The study was conducted among a total of 393 participant. The mean scores of occupational stress and general health were 3.23 ± 0.44 and 3.26 ± 2.92, respectively. A significant statistical relationship was observed between general health and the different indicators of occupational stress including role (OR = 10.95, P value <0.001), relationships (OR = 2.73, P value <0.001), manager support (OR = 2.43, P value <0.001), demand (OR = 1.98, P value = 0.001) and organizational changes (OR = 3.03, P value <0.001), suggesting that as the level of occupational stress increased, the level of general health declined
Conclusion. Attention to the different indicators of occupational stress and to the efficient ways to avoid and manage it can play an important role in improving the general health status of office workers.



Application of assessment of deviations of hematological indices as a sign of destabilization of homeostasis in greenhouse workers
Abstract
Introduction. Sustainable socio-economic development of any country depends on the state of its labor resources, the quality of which is determined by the number and level of health of the working-age population. The current stage of development of society is characterized by the need to increase the efficiency of agriculture. An important role in the implementation of this task belongs to greenhouses.
Purpose. To investigate the hematological indices in greenhouse workers and determine their significance as early signs of the destabilization of homeostasis and the development of occupational diseases.
Material and methods. In the present work, laboratory studies were conducted on greenhouse workers.
Results. A routine laboratory examination of workers in the greenhouse economy was found to show abnormalities in the blood system. The average hemoglobin level in the main group was 106.00 ± 9.04 g/l. White blood changes in the form of neutrophilic leukocytosis were detected in 8.82 ± 3.46%, lymphocytosis in 39.71 ± 5.98%, eosinophilia in 14.71 ± 4.33% of all examined individuals of the main group.
Discussion. Significant changes were revealed to be depending on the duration of exposure to adverse factors and manifested by the formation of an anemic syndrome, lymphocytosis, increased allergization, severe thrombocytopenia.
Conclusion. The results obtained can serve as one of the criteria for the early diagnosis of chronic intoxication.



Assessment of periodontal conditions in workers exposed to harmful substances using the micronucleus test
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the possibility of using a micronucleus test to assess the impact of harmful chemicals on the condition of periodontal tissues of employees of a mining and processing plant.
Material and methods. Dental examination was conducted for 40 employees of the mining and processing plant, exposed to harmful substances with an experience of more than 10 years, 36 employees of the plant with a contact time of not more than 10 years, and 46 people with a healthy periodontium. The analysis of buccal epithelial cells for the presence of chromosomal aberrations using the micronucleus test.
Results. The prevalence of inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues in the groups of workers of the plant was 100%. A statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of cells with micronuclei and protrusions of the nucleus in the group of internship workers compared with other groups (p = 0.001). The frequency of cells with two nuclei in the workers of the plant in the groups was at the same level and significantly exceeded the value of the index for a group of people with a healthy periodontium (p = 0.002 and p = 0.006). The frequency of occurrence of cells with vacuolization of the nucleus in a group of workers with an experience of more than 10 years more than doubles that of a group of individuals with a healthy periodontium (p = 0.009).
Conclusion. Occupational factors have a significant impact on the development and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases in mining and processing complex employees. Studies using the micronuclear test indicate a negative impact of a complex of harmful substances on the development and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases.



Тelemedicine technologies in occupational health and pathology
Abstract
Introduction. The article provides legal, organizational, and medical reasons for the feasibility of introducing telemedicine technologies into the practice of occupational health and professional pathology to increase the effectiveness of preventive measures to preserve the health of the working population.
Material and methods. Analytical review of data of domestic and foreign literature on modern telemedicine technologies.
The aim of the study was to analyze the main directions of development and modern achievements of telemedicine to determine the possibilities for using this type of digital technology in improving the working conditions of workers and preventing professional pathology.
Results. The analysis showed that to optimize the search for managerial solutions aimed at preserving the health of the working population of Russia through the large-scale use of telemedicine and information technologies, it seemed necessary: the creation and integration into a single network of telemedicine centers based on professional pathology centers in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the head scientific institution - the Center for Occupational Pathology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for operational coordination of activities; integrate research institutes and higher educational institutions specialized in the field of Occupational Health medicine in major medical centers. Telemedicine technologies make it possible to optimize information interaction and discussion of materials when preparing new regulatory and legal documents with the participation of the main stakeholders: the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor, Federal Service for Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare, the Social Insurance Fund, industry unions, etc.; ensure the participation of highly qualified narrow specialists in medical commissions when making expert decisions.
Conclusion. Mechanisms for improving the effectiveness of preventive work in Occupational Health using telemedicine technologies will be due to an increase in the quality of medical examinations of workers, an increase in personnel skills, an increase in information security and the speed of expert and managerial decisions, and economic feasibility.



FOOD HYGIENE
Safety of agricultural products: multicomponent determination of pesticide residues in cereals
Abstract
Introduction. Cereal grain is an important part of the human daily diet and belongs to a large number of food items produced and consumed throughout the world. Cereals are cultivated using a long list of chemical plant protection products (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators). In this connection, the analysis of pesticide residues, including optimization, development of monitoring methods, and programs, is of particular importance.
Purpose of the work. To create a multicomponent method for determining residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites in cereals.
Material and methods. The identification and quantitative determination of the active substances of pesticides of various classes (neonicotinoids, triazoles, imidazoles, pyrethroids, organophosphorus compounds, strobilurins, etc.) in the joint presence were performed by methods based on the use of liquid and gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The QuEChERS technology was used as a sample preparation method, based on the extraction of pesticides with an organic solvent from a homogenized grain sample in the presence of salts containing citrate buffer and purification of the extracts from polar compounds by solid-state dispersion extraction.
Results. The developed multicomponent method for determining the residual amounts of pesticides of various chemical classes and their metabolites (40 items in total) in cereals was used to control the levels of xenobiotics studied in wheat, barley and corn samples produced in various regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Leningrad, Orel, Omsk, Voronezh, Ryazan, Rostov, Volgograd regions, Krasnodar Area), as well as in rice grain (the country of origin is the Socialist Republic of Vietnam) purchased using a consumer buying process. The identified levels of individual active substances were significantly lower than the established values of the maximum allowable level.
Conclusion. The developed method is aimed at methodological support of food safety control.



The influence of fortified food products on dietary iron, iodine, and zinc content in Tajik schoolchildren
Abstract
Introduction. The objective of the study is an assessment of dietary iron, iodine, and zinc content in school dinners in Tajik schoolchildren, as well as the influence of the use of fortified products supplied by the UN World Food Programme.
Material and methods. The investigation is performed in two types of schools located in Penjikent and Ayni regions of the Tajikistan Republic. Type 1 schools were not involved in the program of school nutrition improvement, whereas type 2 schools took part in the WFP UN program on the supply of fortified products, as well as the governmental program on improvement of infrastructure and provision of hot meals.
Results and discussion. Iron, iodine, and zinc content in fortified wheat flour supplied by WFP UN exceeded the respective values of the local product by a factor of 2.3, 14, and 4.7. Iodized salt (WFP UN) was characterized by an 11-fold increase in iodine content as compared to the locally used salt. The use of fortified wheat flour and iodized salt in type 2 schools for the preparation of school dinners should provide an increased dietary intake of iron, iodine, and zinc by a factor of 2.5, 12, and 4, when compared to type 1 schools, respectively.
Conclusion. Therefore, WFP UN along with governmental efforts aimed at improvement of school meals provided from 50% to 100% of the recommended dietary allowance for iron and zinc, whereas in the case of iodine even exceeded recommended values, being indicative of the efficiency of the efforts. At the same time, such programs should be supported by trace element monitoring in the organism for assessment of both efficiency and safety.



SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING
The use of public health monitoring data for the assessment of the risk of developing diseases of respiratory organs under exposure to aeropollutants
Abstract
Introduction. The results of the analysis of the quality of atmospheric air have shown a different level of its impact on the development of respiratory diseases in certain Russian entities. This is due to the necessity to develop and implement measures for managing the health risks of the working population.
Material and methods. For analysis, we used the all-Russian data of state and departmental statistics reports, as well as analytical data received and processed in the prescribed manner.
Results. According to controlling organizations, the atmospheric air of urban settlements is the most polluted areas near highways in the residential area (1.00% of samples with excess MPC) and the area of stationary observation posts (0.87% of samples with an excess of hygiene standards). Air pollution is likely the cause of developing from 3.02 to 11 863.7 additional cases of respiratory diseases per 100 thousand population. Recommendations on the use of environmental data have been developed. Criteria for the development of respiratory diseases for persons living in the area of air pollution impact and working in hazardous conditions exposed to aerosols have been determined. Medical and preventive measures should be jointly carried out by supervisory and health authorities. Information and hygiene education is recommended as part of corporate events aimed at the increasing commitment to a healthy lifestyle for the working population. Health authorities determine the terms for the dynamic observation of patients, including the development of individual preventive measures and form groups of contingents for diseases, determining the frequency of the medical examination of the population. High-quality preliminary and periodic medical examinations allow the development of comprehensive programs to reduce the morbidity rate.
Conclusion. An algorithm has been developed to ensure environmental monitoring aimed at reducing the risk of respiratory diseases. Measures for risk management are highlighted: technological, sanitary-technical, sanitary-hygienic, medical. The monitoring results will allow ranking the territories in areas with an increased and low risk of developing respiratory diseases.



EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Studying of the remote effects of the action on the organism of rats of the compaund from the class benzothiadiazinones
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, many xenobiotics are widely used in industry and agriculture, which can cause serious disorders of pregnancy and fetal development. In this regard, the study of the effect of pesticides on embryogenesis in experiments on laboratory animals is a mandatory stage of sanitary and toxicological research.
The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of a compound of the class of benzothiadiazinones for the assessment of embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, as well as reproductive toxicity by the method of two generations, with repeated oral intake of it into the body of warm-blooded animals (rats), establishing the levels of inactive doses for parents and offspring, and determining the hazard class.
Material and methods. The embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were evaluated in female and male rats with a bodyweight of 230-240 g at the beginning of the study. Tested doses: 0; 40.0; 100.0 and 250.0 mg / kg body weight (1 control and 3 experimental groups, 15 individuals each). Mating of females was performed with intact males in a ratio of 2:1. the Compound was introduced during 20 days of pregnancy. In the dynamics of the experiment, the state and behavior of rats, water and feed consumption, and changes in body weight were observed. The analysis of embryonic material took into account: the absolute and relative mass of internal organs (thymus, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys), to determine the teratogenic effect, a group of fetuses (1/3) was fixed in Buena fluid and used to study internal organs using the Wilson method modified by Dyban the remaining 1/3 of the fetuses was fixed in ethanol to study the state of the skeleton using the Dawson method. When studying the reproductive toxicity of benzothiadiazinones in mammals (rats) using the method of two generations at doses of 0; 15.0; 50.0 and 200.0 mg/kg of body weight (1 control and 3 experimental groups, 20 individuals each). Female F0 of the parent generation was primed during the mating period, pregnancy, and continued until the end of the feeding of the F2 generation. Mating 2:1.
Results. Based on the results of studying the embryotoxic and teratogenic effects, invalid doses were established at the following levels: Noel for the mother – 100.0 mg/kg of body weight; Noel for embryotoxicity - 100.0 mg/kg of body weight; NOEL for teratogenicity - 100.0 mg/kg of body weight. Results on the study of reproductive activity: NOEL for parents and offspring - 50.0 mg/kg of body weight.
Discussion. Studies on the effects of a long-term action of a technical product - “generic”, belonging to the class of benzothiadiazinones, found the studied compound for teratogenic, embryotoxic effects, as well as for its effect on reproductive toxicity, in accordance with the hygienic classification of pesticides by hazard (SanPiN 1.2.2584-10) to be a moderately dangerous compound (hazard class 3). Studied product class benzothiadiazinones on toxicological parameters are identical with the technical product is “originator”.
Conclusion. Thus, the research shows that it is necessary to study the effects of long-term action of xenobiotics on the mammalian body when conducting sanitary and toxicological studies, to increase the reliability of the developed hygiene standards in environmental objects and food products.



Transcriptional activity of metallothionein genes in acute poisoning caused by cadmium chloride
Abstract
Introduction. Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals widely distributed in the environment. It has a long half-life, leading to its accumulation in various organs, which in turn is the cause of many adverse effects on human health.
Material and methods. Acute toxic poisoning with cadmium chloride was simulated on white outbred male rats, divided into groups depending on the exposure time. Samples of liver and kidney tissues were used as study materials, in the homogenate of which the level of mRNA of metallothionein genes was determined.
Results. It was found that the maximum value of the multiplicity of MT1 gene expression in the liver was reached after 6 hours (16.36 ± 0.77; p <0.001), and in the kidneys one day after intoxication with cadmium chloride (6.12 ± 0.43; p <0.001). The activity of the MT2 gene in the liver was most pronounced in the range of 2-4 hours (14.35 ± 1.73; 14.78 ± 1.44; p <0.001), while in the renal tissues an increase in the amount of mRNA was recorded after 24 hours (7.32 ± 0.63; p <0.001). The level of MT3 gene transcripts in liver tissues was decreased throughout the experiment, however, the opposite picture was observed in the kidney tissue, where the maximum was reached one day after the administration of the toxicant (6.14 ± 0.31; p <0.001).
Conclusion. Thus, an increase in metallothionein expression in response to the presence of heavy metal ions in the body can be used as a genetic marker in case of poisoning with various compounds.



Metabolic and molecular-genetic changes in the liver during carbon tetrachloride intoxication
Abstract
Introduction. Toxic hepatitis (TH) is a complex and multifaceted disease, the development of which is mediated by a complex of biochemical and molecular genetic interactions. The current understanding of the pathogenesis of TH and, as a consequence, its treatment is based on standardization of the phenotype of the disease, often without taking into account metabolic disorders within the cells.
Material and methods. Experimental studies were performed on white outbred male rats weighing 200-220 g. A 50% solution of TCM was used as a toxicant. Biochemical studies were performed on a laboratory medical photometer “Stat Fax 3300” using clinical test kits and control materials manufactured by Vector-Best LLC. Liver tissue for histological examination was subjected to the standard histological procedure and paraffin embedding. Sections 5-7 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time PCR amplification on a RotorGene instrument (QIAGEN). Statistical processing of experimental data was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results were considered reliable at p <0.05.
Results. As a result of the analysis of the correlation of the expression of the studied genes and the level of biochemical parameters, it was found that the correlation of the expression of the Nfe2l2 and Gstm1 genes was r = 0.812 (p = 0.0001). The dynamics of gene expression of Chek, Gstm1, Gstp1, Nfe2l2, had a negative correlation with the level of AST activity in blood serum and the expression of the genes Chek, Gclc, Gstm1, Nfe2l2, Ripk, Sod1 with an index of ALT activity in the blood serum. After 72 hours, the expression of almost all of the studied genes became multidirectional. the correlation between indices is often not determined. An analysis of the relationship between the level of cytolysis enzymes and the correlation level of the studied genes showed that after 72 hours the correlation was observed in the Gstm1, Hmox, and Sod1 genes with the levels of AST and ALT.



Morphological changes in parenchymal organs of laboratory animals in acute effect of carbon tetrachloride
Abstract
Introduction. Among noninfectious diseases, one of the leading places belongs to pathologies caused by the action of industrial toxicants. In this regard, the search for drugs for the prevention and treatment of various intoxications is one of the priority tasks of public health. Treatment of intoxication with drugs with antioxidant and antihypoxic activity is more effective.
The aim of this study was to investigate morphological changes in parenchymal organs (liver, kidneys, and pancreas) under acute exposure to high doses of carbon tetrachloride and to evaluate the effectiveness of their correction with a new composition of oxymethyluracil with ascorbic acid.
Material and methods. The composition of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with ascorbic acid was first synthesized at the Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, RAS. The preventive effect of the new drug was studied in comparison with “Heptor” on the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury model. Morphological studies of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys of laboratory animals were carried out.
Results. Studies have shown the prophylactic administration of new composition of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with ascorbic acid to have a protective effect on the structure of parenchymal organs in acute carbon tetrachloride intoxication, comparable to the drug “Heptor” (possibly superior). However, reparative properties were observed only in the drug “Heptor”.
Conclusion. Comparative estimation of morphological changes in parenchymal organs under acute exposure to high doses of carbon tetrachloride indicates the protective effect of prophylactic administration of the composition of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with ascorbic acid, comparable to the drug “Heptor” (possibly superior).



Toxicokinetics of aluminum in rats
Abstract
Introduction. Aluminum is one of the most common elements in nature that is potentially toxic to humans. Aluminum compounds are widely used in the aviation and food industries, metallurgy, electrical engineering, and medicine. Aluminum is capable of accumulating in the human body, which creates a risk for the development of severe diseases.
Material and methods. Acute intoxication of aluminum hydroxide was simulated on white outbred rats weighing 170-220 g, divided into 8 groups (intact and 7 experimental). By the atomic absorption method, the concentrations of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and iron in the organs of laboratory animals (kidneys, liver, blood, and brain) were determined 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 96 hours after intoxication.
Results. The accumulation of aluminum was observed to a greater extent in the liver, kidneys, blood, to a lesser extent in the brain. Aluminum affects the homeostasis of essential elements, for example, in the experiment, a decrease in the content of calcium and magnesium in the organs of laboratory animals is observed. The seed level does not have a strong effect on the level of iron. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of aluminum in the liver, blood, and brain of rats remains higher than in the control group.
Conclusion. Aluminum is capable of accumulating in vital organs and affecting the homeostasis of the essential elements of the body. The circulation of aluminum in the biological media of a living organism, like many processes, is undulating, and it can accumulate and diffuse for a long time in various organs of experimental animals.



Cadmium distribution and metallothionein expression in rat organs following acute intoxication
Abstract
Introduction. This article presents the results of experimental simulation of the acute toxic effect of cadmium on the rat organism, its distribution in the liver, and kidneys. Activation of the protective mechanism against toxic metal through the metallothionein protein has to reduce the bioavailability of free cadmium.
Material and methods. The study was conducted on rats weighing 140-190 g, which was once intragastrically injected with cadmium chloride in an amount of 1/20 LD50. We studied the time intervals: before intoxication, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 96 hours after inoculation. The accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The expression of the metallothionein gene (МТ1, МТ2А, МТ3) was determined using RT-PCR on RNA isolated from the same organs.
Results. Quantitative differences in the metal content in the liver and kidneys are observed 1 hour after intoxication, with a cadmium content of 250 and 125 times higher than in the control groups, respectively. There is an accumulation of cadmium in the liver with a maximum after 6 hours, and then its redistribution to the kidneys. The pronounced expression of metallothionein with a single acute exposure to cadmium is tissue-specific, so the expression of the MT1 and MT2A genes was greatest in the liver and the MT3 gene in the kidneys.
Discussion. After administration cadmium is mainly localized in hepatocytes and its concentration may exceed the ability of metallothionein to bind cadmium ions, which leads to histopathological changes in the liver. In response to the intake of metal in the cell, the expression pattern of many genes, including those associated with the activation of protective reactions, changes.
Conclusion. Our data show a single exposure to cadmium to lead to an increase in the content of MT transcript in the liver and kidneys, simultaneously with the accumulation of metal in them. The nature of this accumulation depends on the organ, on the time of exposure, and gene expression also on the form of MT.



Metabolic changes on the background of acute exposure to paracetamol and evaluation of the effectiveness of hepatoprotective drug
Abstract
Introduction. In modern conditions, caused by the pandemic of a new type of viral infection Covid 19, the use of paracetamol, which has hepatotoxic properties in overdose, has increased. It seems relevant to study metabolic disorders in the liver in acute paracetamol intoxication and evaluate the effectiveness of the timely use of hepatoprotective drugs.
The purpose of this study is an experimental assessment of metabolic changes at the early stages of paracetamol exposure and pharmacological correction of toxic liver lesions with oxymethyluracil in comparison with known hepatoprotectors – ademetionine and Mexidol.
Material and methods. Acute intragastric administration of paracetamol to laboratory animals was performed, and the corrective effect of the drug oxymethyluracil was studied in comparison with “Heptor” and “Mexidol”. Biochemical studies of biomaterial of laboratory animals were conducted.
Results. The analysis found the use of known hepatoprotectors and oxymethyluracil after exposure to paracetamol to normalize the biochemical parameters that characterize the functional state of the liver in laboratory animals.
Conclusion. Oxymethyluracil, along with known hepatoprotectors, has a protective effect on the liver of laboratory animals under acute exposure to paracetamol comparable to, and in some cases exceeding, the corrective action of “Heptor” and “Mexidol”.



REVIEWS
Review of the monograph “Scientific foundations of radiation protection in modern medicine: vol. 1. Radiation diagnostics”, a team of authors. Edited by prof. M.I. Balonov
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ANNIVERSARY DATE
On the occasion of the seventieth birthday of Onishchenko Gennady Grigorievich
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On the occasion of the ninetieth birthday of Ruslan Sergeevich Gildenskiold
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OBITUARIES
In Memory of Boris Tikhonovich Velichkovsky
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