Vol 98, No 2 (2019)

Introduction. Search solutions to strategic tasks aimed at preservation of population health in the Russian Federation requires an increase in the productivity and efficiency of public administration, including that performed by control and surveillance organizations.

Material and methods. The article focuses on an algorithm for assessing the efficiency of control and surveillance activities performed by Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being organizations and authorities. The authors calculated population morbidity and mortality rate associated with adverse effects produced by the environment and prevented due to control and surveillance activities by Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being. The calculation was based on certain regularities related to the interaction between compartments in a tripartite system “Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being activities - environmental objects quality - population health”. The authors also suggest indices that can help to estimate the productivity of activities performed by Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being and its managerial resources. Spatial classification and typologization of the RF regions was performed as per a set of parameters with k-means cluster analysis.

Results. The suggested approaches were tested in research on the productivity of control and surveillance activities aimed at a decrease in a population mortality and morbidity rate in the RF regions caused by neoplasms and circulatory system diseases and associated with the environment quality. The authors estimated a contribution made by Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being activities on providing sanitary-epidemiologic well-being in the achievement of target figures on population mortality caused by neoplasms and circulatory system diseases.

Discussion. There are vital tasks that need to be solved if we wish to increase the productivity of Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being activities as per criteria that reflect prevented population health losses caused by the sanitary-epidemiologic situation. Finding solutions to these tasks requires creating a system of additional managerial actions aimed at improving the quality of environmental objects; it can be done due to the redistribution of resources spent on the performance of Federal Service for Surveillance over Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being activities. The task is an optimization one and is an object for further research and publications by the authors.

Conclusion. Analytical techniques described in the article are universal and are not confined to a specific social-economic system or a public administration system. It makes wide implementation of the suggested approaches quite possible; they can be applied to estimate contributions made by various public authorities in achievement of target figures.

Introduction. The atmospheric air is known to be the most contaminated on territories where industries are highly developed; non-ferrous metallurgy is one of them that make the greatest contribution into atmospheric air contamination.

Data and methods. Our research objects were air samples taken on territories where there was located an enterprise producing metallurgic aluminum and our reference samples were taken on a territory where there was no such production; we also examined databases containing data on morbidity of children population, non-carcinogenic risk assessment, number of exposed population, and the results of epidemiologic examination.

Results. Quality of the atmospheric air was unsatisfactory as there were concentrations of suspended substances, PM₁₀ solid particles, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, as well as persistence occurrence of manganese, nickel, and copper compounds resulted from activities of enterprises that produced metallurgic aluminum. All the above-mentioned admixtures cause an unacceptable risk of non-carcinogenic effects emerging in the respiratory organs. A significant contribution into hazard index is made by suspended substances, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 particles. Fine-dispersed fraction having a complicated chemical structure (ferric oxides; aluminum, silicon, nickel, chromium, titanium, and manganese oxides), can aggravate negative impacts on the respiratory organs, exerted by the identified risk factors. The prevalence of respiratory organs diseases among children population living on an exposed territory confirms environmental risks to make increased levels of the overall and primary morbidity rate. We proved a probability of respiratory organs diseases to be depended on concentrations of the examined substances in the atmosphere, including suspended substances and fine-dispersed fractions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, compounds of nickel, manganese, and copper.

Discussion. The detected cause-and-effect relations between a risk of increased morbidity with respiratory organs diseases in children and exposure to chemical risk factors, primarily suspended particles, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, are also confirmed by results obtained in a number of research that concentrates on peculiarities of effects produced by the examined chemical factors on respiratory organs diseases in children.

Conclusions. Children living on a territory exposed to the exposure exerted by an enterprise that produces metallurgic aluminum have a chronic aerogenic risk for respiratory organs diseases; this risk becomes apparent due to the elevated morbidity rate of respiratory organs diseases. This risk is proved to be related to impacts exerted by suspended substances and fine-dispersed fractions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, manganese, nickel, and copper.

From literary data it is known the investigation of contents and influence on an organism of chemical elements to be urgent, the carrying out such researches in the urbanized territories is especially important. The Orenburg region as production and processing of minerals (metal ore, hydrocarbons, etc.) undoubtedly treats such territories having been conducted since the 12th century. In this regard in the territory of the Orenburg region, the complex large-scale research of the trace element status of the territory is implemented. In 35 administrative regions of area samples of a surrounding environment and biosubstrate (hair) of constantly living population was taken. Research on the detection of chemical elements (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) in biosubstrate were carried out in the Autonomous non-profit organization “Center for Biotic Medicine”, and samples of a surrounding environment were examined in laboratories of the Exploring Center "All-Russian scientific research institute of meat cattle breeding" of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences. Results of researches show factors of natural and technogenic character to have an impact on the maintenance of essential and toxic minerals in the environment. In underground waters, there was established the minimum content of zincum, copper, cadmium, and lead to be revealed in samples from areas of the Western and the Central Orenburg region. Moreover, the concentration of zincum, copper, cadmium, and lead in water of East zone, achieves the threshold limit value. The concentration in soils of zincum and copper was found to correspond to the maximum allowable concentration in samples from the East Orenburg region. The performed research of trace element structure of hair of the population of the Orenburg region showed both the content of the vital chemical elements (Zincum and copper) in an organism of the studied population to fail to correspond to reference values, the increased level of the studied elements (woman) in inhabitants of East zone, and the lower level zincum and copper in the examined population of the Central and Western area. The correlation and regression analysis allowed to establish the content of chemical elements in the soil to have the significant, reliable (p ≤ 0.05) influence on the element status of the examined residents of the Orenburg region.

Introduction. Harmful working conditions, specific for titanium production enterprises, pose a potential risk to the workers health, and, primarily, concerning the development of respiratory pathology.

Material and methods. The observation group consisted of 111 smelters of titanium alloys; the average age is 35.9 ± 2.7 years; the average term of service is 11.4 ± 6.3 years. The comparison group included 47 representatives of the enterprise administrative apparatus of the same age (37.4 ± 1.5, p> 0.05), having an average work experience of 12.8 ± 2.3 years (p> 0.05). The analysis of medical documentation, working conditions, a comprehensive survey of workers, static processing of the results was carried out.

Results. Working conditions at workplaces for smelters are classified as “harmful”, the degree of harmfulness acconted of 3-4 (the class of working conditions 3.3 - 3.4). In the structure of the overall morbidity of the examined observation group, respiratory pathology ranked first and was characterized by a high degree of production causality (RR = 2.90; 95% CI = 1.81-4.64; EF = 65.49%). According to the ECHO-DKG data, 10.8% of titanium alloy smelters with 12.3 ± 3.5 years of experience had thickening of the interventricular septum, increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and the presence of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Discussion. Smelters have chronic catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract in the first year of operation; the activity of the pathological process increases significantly with the experience of 10 years and is accompanied by the predominance of the hyperplastic nature of inflammation with an increase in work experience of more than 10 years. Subsequently, the lower parts of respiratory tract are involved in the process. With an experience of 12.3 ± 3.5 years, reversible violations of the bronchial patency become persistent irreversible, which is accompanied by the development of basal emphysema of the lungs and morphological restructuring of the right heart.

Conclusion. Because of combined long-term exposure to dust, a fine fraction and compounds of chlorine and chlorine vapor, causes the damage of the airways at all levels of the respiratory tract.

Introduction. The modern educational process is characterized by an increase in the educational load, the use of teaching aids, which are not provided for in the regulatory and methodological documents. Violation of the hygienic principles of organizing the education of children at school is the basis for the development of somatic pathology.

The aim of the study: hygienic assessment of the educational process in schools with various training programs.

Materials and methods. The subject of the research is the organization of the educational process of the first, second and third levels of education in schools with in-depth study of the subjects of the physical and mathematical cycle (Secondary School of Physics and Mathematics) and a typical Secondary School. The questionnaire contained questions for the evaluation of the educational process on the factors “Complexity”, “Time”, “Additional load”. A comparative assessment of the compliance of the educational process in the secondary school of the FMC and the secondary school with the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Norms (SanPiN) 2.4.2.2821-10 was carried out.

Results. In secondary school of Physics and Mathematics, the intensity index of the load by the factor “Difficulty” was 1.8 times more and the ration of students with a high intensity of the educational process by the factor “Time” exceeded by 3 times if compared to the secondary school, and. Every fourth school student of specialized classes attended 2-3 additional education institutions. The shortage of training rooms reached 32%. Established violations in the organization of changes and breaks between shifts, load distribution during the week. The total weekly educational load at the first level of education exceeded the standard values by 20%. The total weekly workload during training at the second and third levels of education in secondary school Physics and Mathematics exceeded indices of secondary school by 1.3-1.4 times.

Discussion. When introducing new specialized programs, the actual organization of the educational process does not meet sanitary requirements, which can lead to fatigue and the development of profound and lasting changes in the body of schoolchildren. Conclusion. In the school with in-depth study of subjects, the educational process is more intense. As part of the control and supervision activities in general education organizations of the innovative type, it is necessary to pay special attention to meeting the requirements of section X of Sanitary Regulations and Norms (SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10).

Introduction. The technogenic development of the habitat determines the need of study of the negative impact of environmental factors on public health.

The aim of the work is to study the peculiarities of changes of indices of immune regulation, specific and non-specific sensitization in the children’s population, living in conditions of air pollution with metals.

Material and methods. A survey of the children population, living in the exposure zone of the studied risk factors was conducted. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of chemical elements in biological media. Phagocytic activity was determined using sheep erythrocytes, serum immunoglobulin concentrations - using radial immunodiffusion, total IgE and cytokine levels - using enzyme immunoassay, specific IgG and IgE antibodies to metals - using allergen sorbent testing method. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0.

Results. In the observation group №. 1 the level of blood contamination with aluminum and chromium compounds when compared to the indices of the comparison group was higher, as well as there was a gain in aluminum, manganese, nickel, chromium in the blood level, compared with the values of the observation group №. 2. In the observation group № 1, the relative phagocytosis and phagocytic number were lower in relation to the norm, to the comparison group and the observation group № 2. Specific antibodies to metals exceeded the reference levels in the observation groups № 1 and № 2. The production of interleukin-1beta in the observation groups № 1 and № 2 exceeded the comparison indices; high levels of interleukin-8 and interferon-gamma were noted. A violation of cellular immunity in the observation group № 1 was established. In observation group № 2, changes in immune reactivity were expressed in a less degree, which was characterized by reduced absolute values of metals sensitivity indices.

Conclusion. Excessive blood contamination with aluminum and chromium compounds, a decrease in phagocytic activity, an increase in specific sensitization by the criterion for the content of specific antibodies to metals, as well as an imbalance of cytokine immune mediators, were shown.

Hygienic standards for chemical admixtures contents in food products in the Eurasian Economic Union countries are an integral part of the technical regulations adopted in the Customs Union and the EEU. However, not all of them have been substantiated by the moment in relation to acceptable consumers’ health risk. The aim of this research is to discuss fundamentals for fixing acceptable daily intake (ADI) for chemical substances in food according to human health risk criteria. We analyzed problems related to fixing hygienic standards for chemical substances in food advisable in the process to apply data obtained in previous research and published in relevant literature sources. When choosing points of the establishment for fixing ADI or provisional tolerable intake (PTI) in a situation when data on several different starting points are available, one should choose such parameters that require the application of fewer modifying factors, namely reference levels (BMD) detected as for epidemiologic research results for the most sensitive population groups. It is advisable to supplement a set of mathematic modeling techniques applied for fixing hygienic standards for chemical admixtures content in food products with evolution modeling of health risk that can be applied to verify suggested values. When fixing ADI, one should primarily apply such modifying factors as those that allow for interspecies extrapolation, points of establishment for ADI/PTI, and extrapolation of research results under short-term exposure onto persistent exposure scenarios. The suggested recommendations for substantiation of modifying factors will allow unifying their application to a certain extent when calculating ADI/PTI of chemicals. Before any permissible risk levels are fixed in a process of hygienic standard development, it is advisable to apply the following permissible health risk level: for quantitative assessment, lifelong risk of a severe disease or death being equal to 1∙10-4; for semi-quantitative risk characteristics, hazard quotient equal to 1; for risk evolution analysis, reduced health risk index equal to 0.05.

Introduction. Nanomaterials are now widely used in science and in various industries; in relation to that, it is truly vital to perform hygienic research to assess exposure to ultra-disperse particles with carcinogenic effects on a human body as such research can help to solve tasks in the preventive medicine sphere.

Data and methods. The experiment was performed on 27 pubescent male Wistar rats (9 animals in each group); the animals were exposed to a single intra-tracheal introduction of suspensions that contained nano-sized and micro-sized aluminum oxide in concentrations of 80.0 ± 0.09 mg/ml. The reference group was exposed to a pure suspension (sterile isotonic saline). To quantitatively assess cellular responses in the respiratory tracts, the authors examined digital images of smears obtained via optical immersion microscopy with a polarizing microscope.

Results. Cytological assessment of bronchi-alveolar lavage in vitro revealed exposure to nano-particles of aluminum oxide to led to a cellular response as of eosinophilic type; exposure to micro-particles of aluminum oxide, as of neutrophilic type. The authors proposed a model that described a relationship between a number of eosinophils and neutrophilic leucocytes in bronchi-alveolar lavage and a surface area of aluminum oxide particles; basing on the model, they detected a trigger value; when obtained values are higher than it eosinophilic responses occurs, and when they are lower, a lymphocytic one. The authors also showed that exposure to nano- and micro-sized particles of aluminum oxide resulted in damage to alveolar macrophages surface; the degree of the damage depended on a specific surface area of particles. The obtained data enrich theoretical knowledge accumulated in nanotoxicology and allow to develop etiologically and pathogenetically grounded preventive activities for workers employed at nanomaterials productions and for people who consume products containing nano-sized particles of aluminum oxide.

Discussion. The authors performed the comparative assessment of responses that occurred in the respiratory tracts of Wistar rats as a response to a single intra-tracheal introduction of micro- and nano-sized particles of aluminum oxide; the assessment results were then summarized and their generalization revealed toxic effects to be produced by the particles depended on their dispersity. The obtained data are well in line with an opinion expressed by some authors that a dispersity factor tends to grow as particles become smaller in their size. Another outcome here could be their greater toxic properties that cause various qualitative and quantitative cytological changes in biological substrates, including bronchi-alveolar lavage.

Conclusions. A single intra-tracheal introduction of a water suspension containing aluminum oxide into Wistar rats causes cellular responses in the respiratory tracts and damage to alveolar macrophages. Character and intensity of detected changes depend on the total specific surface area of effecting particles.

The results of water quality assessment obtained by an independent body of sanitary and hygienic state supervision and the supplier enterprise often differ, despite the fact that their chemical analytical laboratories have passed the procedure of official confirmation of compliance in a single accreditation system. Therefore, the task of establishing the most plausible estimate is urgent. It is shown that in the case of compatibility of the measurements their arithmetic mean value should be used, and in the case of their incompatibility reference laboratory to have to be involved

Introduction. Analysis of individual components of the network of regulatory neuroendocrine and immune interactions, as well as their possible combination with the use of mathematical modeling technology, makes it possible to identify the likely consequences of the negative impact of man-made environmental factors on public health and to determine optimal strategies for reducing morbidity.

The aim of the work is to simulate cytokines production in vitro under the combined effect of chemical factors (aluminium) and regulatory immune and endocrine mediators.

Material and methods. The experiment was performed on peripheral blood samples of healthy donors (n=68). An immune cell suspension was used, isolated by centrifugation in a ficoll-verografin density gradient. Viral load modeling was performed with a complex mitogen. The following factors were used: IL-1 β, cortisol, aluminum. The concentration of cytokines IL-8, IL-10, IL-17 was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.0.

Results. A significant change in the production of IL-8 and IL-10 was found in groups with different levels of experimental IL-1 exposure. The combined effect of IL-1 and high levels of cortisol and aluminum increased the levels of IL-8 and IL-10. In the study of the production of IL-17 inhibitory effects with increasing concentrations of IL-1 were revealed. The nonlinear equations of the concentrations dependences of the studied cytokines on the content of IL-1, cortisol and aluminum were determined with checking the models adequacy to the experimental data by the method of dispersion analysis.

Discussion. The study of characteristics of the changes in immune cytokine mediators under the influence of physiological and chemical factors has revealed the interaction mechanism of a specific chemical environment and immune-endocrine regulation system components during the course of immunological processes in the body.

Conclusion. The results of the study showed interrelations in the system of cytokine immune mediators associated with the increased production of IL-8 and IL-10 and a decrease in IL-17 under conditions of increasing concentrations of IL-1, as well as with the combined effect of cortisol and aluminum. Mathematical modeling has determined the nonlinear nature of the identified patterns.

Introduction. Analogs of pesticides may differ from the original products in their properties because of the elevated level or the modified composition of the impurities. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the equivalence of such analogs using a number of criteria, including mutagenicity, to ensure their safety. The article compares the results of the research of genotoxic effects of technical grade active ingredients of pesticides in vitro and in vivo conditions to assess the applicability of such methods for equivalence determination of analogs of pesticides to patented products.

Material and methods. The genotoxicity of 99 technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (59 names) was studied in vitro (Ames test) and in vivo.

Results. In the Ames test mutagenic dose-dependent effects were revealed in the study of technical products of mesotrione, dimethoate, and pendimethalin both in the presence and in the absence of a metabolic activation system.In the in vivo test, a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow was detected after administration of six technical products mesotrione, pyrimiphos-methyl, dimethoate, glyphosate (2 products), isoproturon. Furthermore, different levels of genotoxic effects were found with technical materials of the same active ingredient from various productions, probably due to differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of impurities.

Conclusion. The present study indicated that in vitro and in vivo tests do not always demonstrate the same results of the genotoxicity assessment. Therefore, the use of only one bacterial reverse mutation test may not be sufficient to determine the equivalence of technical grade active ingredients of pesticides to the original active substances. To obtain а reliable evidence for the safe use of analogs of pesticides, it is necessary to usе at least two methods on different test objects.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to consider the role of socio-hygienic monitoring in the implementation of the regional strategy for prevention of iodine deficiency.

Materials and methods. The samples of salt from the market (2010-17) and salt which used by households of the Tyumen region (2013, 2016, 2017) were analyzed. Monitoring of retail markets in different municipalities was conducted to the analysis of the cost and assortment of iodized salt; Results of a representative sociological study of the behavior of families schoolchildren of grades 5-11 of the Tyumen region were examined.

Results. The regional program for the prevention of iodine deficiency is being implemented in the Tyumen region for 20 years. This system of social and hygienic monitoring makes it possible to obtain objective data on the effectiveness of prevention and identify its weaknesses. At present, the need of the population of the region for iodized high-quality salt is provided completely: 0.17% of unsatisfactory samples of iodized salt was registered in 2016, unsatisfactory samples were not detected in 2017. A sociological study of the consumer behavior of parents of schoolchildren in the Tyumen region showed an increase in the number of parents who daily consume iodized salt in their home meals, from 53% in 2013 to 67% in 2017. In accordance with the analysis of salt samples from households in 2013, 26% of samples were content of iodine was in accordance with State Standards (GOST) R 51574-2000, in 2016 - 33%, in 2017 in all samples, the salt content of iodine met the requirements. The implemented regional policy of preventing iodine deficiency in the region is effective and requires further work with the population.

25 февраля 2019 года исполняется 50 лет со дня рождения и 24 года научно-педагогической и общественной деятельности заведующего кафедрой общей гигиены Воронежского государственного медицинского университета им. Н.Н. Бурденко Минздрава России Попова Валерия Ивановича.